Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa
First page
Table of contents
Next page
Last page
Foreword
5
Acknowledgements
6
1 OVERVIEW
9
1.1 Introduction
10
1.2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa
18
1.3 Development Goals for the Water Sector
24
1.4 Galvanising for Action
30
1.5 Sustainable Sanitation and Wastewater Management
32
1.6 Conclusion
35
2 WASTEWATER STREAMS
37
2.1 Introduction
38
2.2 Municipal Wastewater and Faecal Sludge
39
2.3 Industrial Wastewater Management
50
2.4 Hospital Wastewater Management
55
2.5 Agricultural Wastewater
56
2.6 Storm water Run-of
60
2.7 Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
61
2.8 Emergency Sanitation
63
2.9 Conclusion
65
3 ECOSYSTEMS
67
3.1 Introduction
68
3.2 The Concept of Ecosystems Health
70
3.3 Ecosystem Services
71
3.4 Untreated Wastewater and Ecosystem Health
72
3.5 Contamination/Degradation of Ecosystems
74
3.6 Contaminants of Emerging Concern
84
3.7 Efforts at Reducing Ecosystem Health Risk Through Wastewater Treatment
85
3.8 Ecosystem Health Risk Reduction and SDG
86
3.9 Conclusion
89
4 HUMAN HEALTH
91
4.1 Introduction
92
4.2 Toilet barrier: A clean functioning toilet
93
4.3 Safe water barrier: Clean water to drink and cook with
95
4.4 Hygiene Barrier: Water for Washing and Cleaning
96
4.5 The wastewater barrier
97
4.6 Disease related to WASH
98
4.7 Conclusion: Stopping the Spread of Disease
105
5 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS
107
5.1 Introduction
108
5.2 Continental Policy and Institutional Responses
109
5.3 National Initiatives
111
5.4 Sanitation Governance
116
5.5 Conclusions and recommendations
125
6 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
127
6.1 Introduction
128
6.2 Driving Factors for the Application of the Circular Economy Approach in Wastewater Management
130
6.3 Circular Economy Approaches in Wastewater Management
132
6.4 Constraints to the application of a circular economy approach in wastewater management in Africa
144
6.5 Conclusion
145
7 COUNTRY PROFILES
147
7.1 Introduction
149
Notes
260
References
261
Acronyms and abbreviations
275
Contributors
276
Appendix 1. Wastewater streams
278
Appendix 2. Impacts, risks and lessons from implementation of Circular Economy Approaches (CEA)
279
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