Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa

Notes

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

1. GEMI is composed of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), UN Environment, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat), UNICEF, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2. See https://www.viawater.nl/projects/pula-app- for-faecal-sludge-management-mozambique-and- zambia 3. The Dutch fund VIA Water (www.viawater.nl) has supported more than 60 innovative water and sanitation projects across Africa. 4. Desludgers are operators, usually private, that empty on-site sanitation systems, latrines and septic tanks, for a fee. Formal deslugers usually empty these systems with trucks that are then used to transport the faecal sludge to the designated treatment sites. 5. See https://www.ux.co.mz/ 6. See https://www.mopa.co.mz/#servicos 7. A dialog menu can be accessed in Mozambique using *311#, the call is free. 8. See https://www.viawater.nl/projects/map-action- bamako-mali 9. See https://www.viawater.nl/projects/flash-flood- forecasting-app-ghana

1. MoWRDM=MinistryofWaterResources,Development and Management; MoHCW = Ministry of Health and Child Welfare; MoTCID = Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructure Development; MoA = Ministry of Agriculture; MoLGRUD = Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development; MoEn = Ministry of Environment; MoE = Ministry of Education; MoWAGCD = Ministry of Women Affairs, Gender andCommunityDevelopment;MoF=Ministry of Finance; DDF = District Development Fund; WRM = Water Resources Management; NAC = National Action Committee; NCU = National Coordinating Unit; WASH = Water Sanitation and Hygiene; WSS = Water Supply and Sanitation; Donors Group AfDb = African Development Bank; AusAid = Australian Agency for International Development; DFID=Department for International Development; EU = European Union; GTZ = German Technical Cooperation Agency; NGOs = Non-governmental Organizations; UNICEF = United Nations Children’s Fund; WB =World Bank. 2. Decentralization describes the transfer of central government powers, competences and resources to the local government, closer to the people and citizens. The concept can be applied to infrastructures (for example, decentralized wastewater treatment). 3. Monthly expenditure was considered a surrogate metric for income in the citywide survey (1,200 households) carried out by [1]. 4. In Mozambique, hierarchy and community relations are very strong aspects of day-to-day livelihoods. In several sanitation projects, local institutions and external donors make use of these networks for project implementation and reporting, in a bottom- up approach. Of particular importance are the block leaders (Chefes de Quarteirão, in Portuguese), who report to the Neighborhood Secretaries (Secretários do Bairros, in Portuguese) and then on to the administration of the Municipal District (Distrito Municipal, in Portuguese). This institution is then responsible for reporting to the Municipality. All these actors are elected by the people.

1. Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia. 2. Operation and maintenance. 3. Liquid faecal sludge is sourced from vacuum trucks and collected from public toilets and households. While it is mainly non-decomposed waste that is needed for high biogas generation, decomposed faecal sludge can be processed towards compost generation. 4. When stringent standards are adopted, wastewater treatment plant systems may struggle to attain the required performance at an affordable cost. 5. Pathogens are defined as disease-causing organisms. 6. In the Windhoek case, a very strict health risk management programme was required, and is being implemented. This is structured around laboratory analysis to assess water quality at all stages, performed through online automated and regular (four-hourly or weekly) sampling.

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SANITATION AND WASTEWATER ATLAS OF AFRICA