Caspian Sea: State of the Environment 2019
First page
Table of contents
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Preface
5
Executive summary
9
1. INTRODUCTION
13
2. METHODOLOGY
17
3. DRIVERS
19
3.1. Socioeconomic situation
19
3.2. Direct drivers (sectors)
23
3.3. Indirect drivers
31
4. PRESSURES
37
4.1. Fishing
37
4.2. Mineral extraction
41
4.3. Agriculture
43
4.4. External inputs: discharge and run-of
44
4.5. Atmospheric emissions
51
4.6. Solid waste
52
4.7. Marine litter
55
4.8. Tourism and recreation
57
5. STATE
59
5.1. Changes in bioresources
59
5.2. Quality of seawater and incoming fresh water
63
5.3. Air quality
68
5.4. Sediment quality
70
5.5. Biodiversity
73
6. IMPACT
83
6.1. Impact on human health
83
6.2. Impact on the economy
83
6.3. Fisheries
83
6.4. Shipping
85
6.5. Ports and harbour infrastructure
87
6.6. Submarine cables and pipelines
89
7. RESPONSE
91
7.1. Regional governance
91
7.2. Bilateral cooperation
92
7.3. National governance
93
7.4. Policy and legislation
96
8. MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE
105
9. PARTICIPATION AND OUTREACH
109
10. MEASURES
113
11. CONCLUSION
117
Notes
119
References
120
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