Caspian Sea: State of the Environment 2019

Notes 1. Oil and natural gas rent is the difference be- tween the value of production at world prices and the total costs of production (World Bank 2017b). Oil rent as a percentage of GDP shows the economic contribution of oil production to the national economy. 2. Source: Expert of the State committee for na- ture protection and land resources. 3. Albedo is a measure of how well a surface reflects solar energy. The albedo effect has a significant impact on climate: the lower the al- bedo, the more solar radiation is absorbed by the planet, which causes temperatures to rise. 4. A positive radiation effect means that the Earth emits less energy into space compared to what it receives from the Sun. Burning fos- sil fuels increases this mismatch, making the atmosphere warmer. 5. Hereinafter – Mnemiopsis. 6. Hazard classes according to GOST 12.1.007- 76 “Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements.” 7. Shirvan National Park, Hasan Aliyev Zan- gazur National Park (established in 2012), Hirkan National Park, Altyaghach National Park, Ag-Gel National Park, Absheron Na- tional Park, Shahdag National Park, Goygol National Park, Samur-Yalama National Park and Gizil-Agach National Park.

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