The Socio-Economics of the West, Central and Southern African Coastal Communities

Appendix H (continued)

Economic Instruments

Relevant Material

Improving theWater and Sanitation Sector Economic instruments may include: • Development aid conditioned on effective management • Taxes for water abstraction • Water pricing • Sewerage and effluent charges • Water pollution charges • Subsidies • Tradeable permits • Liability for damage to waters Interwies (2011), pp. 65-68.

Winpenny J (2003). Financing Water for All: Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure . Geneva: World Water Council/Global Water Partnership/3rd World Water Forum, http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/world_water_ council/documents_old/Library/Publications_and_reports/CamdessusReport.pdf

OECD (2009a). Managing Water for All – An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing . OECD Publishing, http://www.oecd.org/tad/sustainable-agriculture/44476961.pdf

OECD (2009b). Working Party on Global and Structural Policies – Pricing Water ResourcesandWaterandSanitationServices . OECDPublishing, http://www.oecd.org/ officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ENV/EPOC/GSP(2009)17/ FINAL&docLanguage=En OECD (2010). Innovative Financing Mechanisms for the Water Sector . OECD Publishing, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/innovative-financing-mechanisms-for- the-water-sector_9789264083660-en Sunman, Hilary (1993). The application of charging schemes for the management of water pollution – Experience and prospects . Natural Resources Forum, 17:2, pp. 133-141. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1993.tb00168.x/ abstract Zabel, T. F., K. Andrews, andY. Rees. (1998). The Use of Economic Instruments for Water Management in Selected EU Member Countries . Water and Environment Journal, 12:4, pp. 268-272. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1998. tb00184.x/abstract OECD (2006a): Subsidy Reform and Sustainable Development – Economic, Environmental and Social Aspects . OECD Publishing, https://www.cbd.int/financial/ fiscalenviron/several-subsidiesreform-oecd.pdf Stavins, R.N. (2001). Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments, Resources for the Future , Washington. http://www.rff.org/documents/RFF- DP-01-58.pdf EEA (2005). Market-based instruments for environmental policy in Europe . EEA technical report, Copenhagen, http://www.ieep.eu/assets/280/MarketbasedInstr_ reduced.pdf International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) , International Maritime Organization website (accessed August 1, 2016). http:// www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International- Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx Krause, K. (2007). Market-oriented environmental policy in maritime transport – incentives to reduce atmospheric emissions from burning marine fuels , Thesis, http:// agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AV20120115951 International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) (2007). Maritime air emissions and MARPOL Annex VI: Strategies and consequences , http://www.world-petroleum.org/docs/docs/socialres/marpol.pdf

Pollution by Ships and Vessels Resolution takes place at the international level. Interwies (2011), p. 68-69.

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