Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa

Economic impact of poor sanitation in Africa in 2012

Economic impact of poor sanitation in Africa in 2012 Economic impact of poor sanitation in Africa in 2012 Estimated loss per person in 2012 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 US$ Economic impact of poor sanitation in Africa in 2012 Economic imp ct of poor sanitation in Africa in 2012 Estimated loss per person in 2012 Estimated loss per person in 2012 Estimated loss per person in 2012

Estimated loss per country in 2012 The loss includes: 1. Access time (open defecation) 2. Premature death 3. Loss of productivity 4. Health care Ghana Estimated loss per country in 2012 The loss includes: 1. Access time (open defecation) 2. Premature death 3. Loss of productivity 4. Health care Estimated loss per country in 2012 The loss includes: 1. Access time (open defecation) 2. Premature death 3. Loss of productivity 4. Health care Estimated loss per country in 2012 The loss includes: 1. Access time (open defecation) 2. Premature death 3. Loss of productivity 4. Health care Burkina Faso Kenya

Nigeria US$ 3 billion

Estimated loss per person in 2012 Nigeria

100 150 200 250 300 350

US$ 3 billion

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 US$

100 150 200 250 300 350

Nigeria US$ 3 billion

100 150 200 250 300 350 100 150 200 250 300 350

Nigeria US$ 3 billion Nigeria US$ 3 billion

Benin

Benin

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 US$ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 US$ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 US$

Burkina Faso

Ghana

Benin Burkina Faso

Chad

Niger

CAR

Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Benin Burkina Faso Benin

Chad

Niger

CAR

Ghana Burkina Faso Ghana Ghana

Mauritania

Chad DRC

Mauritania

Kenya

Democratic Republic of Congo

Chad DRC

Chad

Kenya Kenya

Niger

Ghana Kenya Congo Chad DRC Kenya Congo Ghana Liberia Chad DRC Kenya Congo Chad DRC CAR CAR CAR Ghana

Chad Chad

0 50

Niger Niger

Benin

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso Burkina Faso

Benin

Mauritania

Democratic Republic of Congo Central African Republic

Uganda

Mauritania Mauritania

Ghana Kenya Congo Liberia

Democratic Republic of Congo Democratic R public of Congo

0 50

Ghana Kenya Congo Liberia

Million US$ per year

0 50 0 50

Tanzania

Congo

Benin

Uganda

Benin Benin

Congo

Uganda Uganda

Liberia

Million US$ per year

Liberia

Million US$ per year Million US$ per year

Tanzania

Central African Republic

Tanzania Tanzania

Zambia Central African Republic Central African Republic Zambia Zambia

Congo

Zambia

Congo Congo

Liberia

Liberia Liberia

Madagascar

Mozambique

Liberia Madagascar

Mozambique Population in 2012 >5 million 5-10 million Malawi Mozambique Mozambique

Malawi

Population in 2012 >5 million 5-10 million

Malawi

Mauritania Mauritania Madagascar Mosambique Malawi Mauritania Madagascar Mosambique Malawi Niger Madagascar Liberia Mosambique

Madagascar

Mauritania

Population in 2012 >5 million 5-10 million Population in 2012 >5 million 5-10 million Population in 2012 >5 million 5-10 million

Malawi Mauritania Mosambique

15-20 million 20-25 million 25-30 million 40-45 million 45-50 million 65-70 million 170-175 million 10-15 million No information 35-40 million

Madagascar

Mosambique

Madagascar Madagascar

15-20 million 20-25 million 25-30 million 40-45 million 45-50 million 65-70 million 170-175 million 10-15 million No information 35-40 million

Malawi

Malawi Malawi

Niger

Niger

15-20 million 20-25 million 25-30 million 40-45 million 45-50 million 65-70 million 170-175 million 10-15 million No information 35-40 million 15-20 million 20-25 million 25-30 million 40-4 million 45-50 million 65-70 million 170-175 illion 10-15 million No information 35-40 million 15-20 million 20-25 million 25-30 million 40-45 million 45-50 million 65-70 million 170-175 million 10-15 million No information 35-40 million

Nigeria

Nigeria

Tanzania Zambia Uganda

Nigeria Niger Niger Tanzania Zambia Uganda Nigeria Zambia Uganda Nigeria Tanzania Zambia Uganda Tanzani

Tanzania Zambia Uganda

Source: Africa: Water and Sanitation Program [WSP] (2012); United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF] and World Health Organizatio

Source: Africa: Water and Sanitation Program [WSP] (2012); United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF] and World Health Organization [WHO] (2017); Sengupta; Verma and Kazmi (2018).

Source: Africa: Water and Sanitation Program [WSP] (2012); United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF] and World Health Organization [WHO] (2017); Sengupta; Verma and Kazmi (2018). Source: Africa: Water and Sanitation Program [WSP] (2012); United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF] and World Health Organization [WHO] (2017); Sengupta; Verma and Kazmi (2018). Source: Africa: Water and Sanitation Program [WSP] (2012); United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF] and World Health Organization [WHO] (2017); Sengupta; Verma and Kazmi (2018).

Figure 4.5. The cost of missing toile s

Box 4.2. Toilets for women and girls

Example of a female-friendly toilet Example of a female-friendly toilet

Improving access to safe sanitation facilities can be especially beneficial to women and girls, as they are more vulnerable to violence when using public facilities or seeking privacy for open defecation. It can also increase school attendance, as without proper facilities, menstruating girls may stay home in order to more easily manage menstrual hygiene (Burt, Nelson and Ray 2016). The best toilets are the ones that people will use and maintain. Toilets for women will be most successful if, as shown in Figure 4.6, they consider: Design – Responsive to the needs of women and girls. Apart from the universal requirement for cleanliness, odour control, water and soap and the disposal or reuse of menstrual hygiene products, among other needs, there may also be special culturally prescribed design requirements, such as a concealed entrance, or in the case of shared facilities, toilets separated by gender (Schmitt et al. 2018). Privacy – Encourage daytime use. Cultural expectations regarding modesty may increase privacy requirements. Women and girls may restrict the intake of food and water during the day, possibly risking dehydration, so they can wait for the privacy of darkness. Holding on can lead to anxiety, increased urinary tract infections, constipation, reduced productivity and isolation.

Walls, door and roof are made of non-transparent materials with no gaps or spaces Walls, door and roof are made of non-transparent materials with no gaps or spaces

Clear signs instructing girls and women to dispose of menstrual waste in the trash bin Clear signs instructing girls and women to dispose of menstrual waste in the trash bin

Night time light source both inside and outside of the toilet Night time light source both inside and outside of the toilet

Some units should be accessible to people with disabilities Some units should be accessible to people with disabilities

Adequate numbers of safely located toilets separated (with clear signage) from male facilities Adequate numbers of safely located toilets separated (with clear signage) from male facilities

WOMEN

Trash bin (with lids) to dispose of used menstrual materials

WOMEN

Trash bin (with lids) to dispose of used menstrual materials

Squat latrine

Source: Schmitt et al. 2018. for girls and women to wash themselves and menstrual materials Easily accessible water (ideally inside the cubicle) for girls and women to wash themselves and menstrual materials Easily accessible water (ideally inside the cubicle)

A shell and hook for hygienically storing belongings during usage Squat latrine A shell and hook for hygienically storing belongings during usage

GRID-Arendal/Studio Atlantis Handwashing facilities (ideally inside cubicle) Handwashing facilities (ideally inside cubicle)

Safe and private toilets with inside door latch Safe and private toilets with inside door latch

Figure 4.6. Improved versus unimproved sanitation

GRID-Arendal/Studio Atlantis

Source: Schmitt et al. 2018.

facilities at night increases vulnerability to attack and sexual violence.

Empowerment of Women [UNWomen] 2018) and having to pay to use the toilet can be an added financial burden that encourages open defecation.

Security – Safe and not too distant. Going off the beaten track or using public or shared

Affordable – Women are poorer than men (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the

Source: Schmitt et al. (2018).

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SANITATION AND WASTEWATER ATLAS OF AFRICA