Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa

Contents

Foreword Acknowledgements 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction

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1.2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa 1.3 Development Goals for the Water Sector 1.4 Galvanising for Action 1.5 Sustainable Sanitation and Wastewater Management 1.6 Conclusion 2 WASTEWATER STREAMS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Municipal Wastewater and Faecal Sludge

2.3 Industrial Wastewater Management 2.4 Hospital Wastewater Management 2.5 Agricultural Wastewater 2.6 Storm water Run-off 2.7 Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2.8 Emergency Sanitation 2.9 Conclusion 3 ECOSYSTEMS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Concept of Ecosystems Health 3.3 Ecosystem Services

3.4 Untreated Wastewater and Ecosystem Health 3.5 Contamination/Degradation of Ecosystems 3.6 Contaminants of Emerging Concern 3.7 Efforts at Reducing Ecosystem Health Risk Through Wastewater Treatment 3.8 Ecosystem Health Risk Reduction and SDG 6 3.9 Conclusion 4 HUMAN HEALTH 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Toilet barrier: A clean functioning toilet

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4.3 Safe water barrier: Clean water to drink and cook with 4.4 Hygiene Barrier: Water for Washing and Cleaning

4.5 The wastewater barrier 4.6 Disease related to WASH 4.7 Conclusion: Stopping the Spread of Disease 5 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Continental Policy and Institutional Responses 5.3 National Initiatives 5.4 Sanitation Governance 5.5 Conclusions and recommendations 6 CIRCULAR ECONOMY 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Driving Factors for the Application of the Circular Economy Approach inWastewater Management 6.3 Circular Economy Approaches in Wastewater Management 6.4 Constraints to the application of a circular economy approach in wastewater management in Africa 6.5 Conclusion 7 COUNTRY PROFILES 7.1 Introduction Notes References Acronyms and abbreviations Contributors Appendix 1. Wastewater streams Appendix 2. Impacts, risks and lessons from implementation of Circular Economy Approaches (CEA)

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SANITATION AND WASTEWATER ATLAS OF AFRICA