City-Level Decoupling-Full Report

City-Level Decoupling: Urban resource flows and the governance of infrastructure transitions

medium. This profile reflects cities within societies making the transition from an agricultural to an industrial mode of production but where construction lags behind overall consumption driven by industrialisation. Type 4 cities are all medium to high with respect to the consumption of minerals/ores, with medium consumption of biomass and water, and low consumption of construction minerals. CO 2 emissions, total energy, electricity, and fossil fuel consumption are all low. Type 4 cities are typically located in resource-rich environments dominated by mining and light manufacturing, but where biomass- based industries are still prevalent. Type 5 cities are similar in that biomass still dominates resource consumption, but construction and infrastructure have kept up or exceeded the pace of industrialisation. The result is that Type 5 cities are all at the low/medium level with respect to energy, electricity, fossil fuels, minerals and ores and construction minerals. CO 2 emissions are still low because of the dependence on hydropower and oil rather than coal. Type 6 cities are in countries at the early stages of industrialisation. Biomass consumption is therefore higher than construction materials and industrial minerals and ores. TMC and energy- related resources are low. CO 2 is high due to a heavy dependence of the industrialisation process on coal and oil. • The bulk of the cities in Type 7 are in Japan. Unsurprisingly, their TMC levels are high and they are high consumers of industrial minerals and ores and construction minerals. Biomass consumption is correspondingly low. Japan’s history of investment in energy efficiency and regulation of dirty heavy industries is reflected in relatively low CO 2 emissions and fossil fuel consumption (medium), while total energy consumption is low. Electricity consumption is high, but the relatively clean energy mix keeps CO 2 levels at the medium level.

• Resource consumption in Type 8 cities is medium, with the exception of electricity which is low. These are industrialising cities where the low electricity consumption indicates relatively low living standards. Biomass-based production and light manufacturing explains the medium levels for biomass and minerals/ores. Construction minerals are medium, suggesting significant investments in construction and infrastructure. • Type 9 cities are located in countries that are making the transition from command economies to more market- based economies (not just in Eastern Europe). Biomass-based industries remain significant in these economies (hence medium/high levels of biomass consumption), and investments in construction and infrastructure to stimulate industrialisation are also taking place (hence medium consumption of construction minerals). These are carbon and energy intensive economies; hence the medium level scores in these categories. • Type 10 cities are located in highly developed and some transitional economies that have diversified into services. Although TMC levels are high, carbon and energy related categories are medium because of a diversified energy mix and lower energy intensity of service sectors compared to secondary industries. • Type 11 cities are characterised by high levels of personal affluence and associated high energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors. Nevertheless, CO 2 emissions and total energy consumption levels are medium. textile industries. Industrial minerals and ores are medium due to manufacturing industries in these cities. Hydropower, nuclear power and energy efficiency help keep the CO 2 levels low relative to energy consumption. Biomass consumption is high due to role played by wood, paper, food and

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