City-Level Decoupling-Full Report

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Preface	2
Foreword	4
1 Introduction	14
2 Decoupling, material flows, and infrastructure	19
2.1 Introduction	19
2.2 Material flows and decoupling	19
2.3 Urban flows and infrastructure	21
3 The second urbanization wave	24
3.1 Dimensions of the second urbanisation wave	24
3.2 Heterogeneous urbanisation	29
3.3 Interactive urban-rural flows in developing countries	31
4 Urban material flows in cities in the developed and developing world	33
4.1 Applying material flow analysis to cities	33
4.2 Adapting the material flow analysis methodology	34
4.3 Comparative material flow analysis of cities	38
5 Decoupling through urban infrastructure	44
5.1 Infrastructure investments, economic recovery and green growth	44
5.2 Economic Implications	47
5.3 Pursuing decoupling and the restoration of ecosystem services through urban infrastructure	47
6 Transitions toward sustainable cities	53
6.1 Introduction: approaches to transitions	53
6.2 Four types of urban change	60
6.3 New urban developments as 'integrated ecourbanism	64
6.4 Constructing new 'urban networked infrastructures	66
6.5 Reconfiguring cities as ’systemic urban transitions'	70
6.6 Retrofitting existing 'urban networked infrastructures''	74
7 Assessing progress toward decoupling in cities	80
7.1 Existing research on decoupling in cities, and areas requiring more attention	80
7.2 The scale of the city and how to conceptualise its boundaries	81
7.3 Total material requirements and rebound effects	82
7.4 Accounting for wider benefits and contextual appropriateness in evaluations of success	83
7.5 How decoupling in cities can be assessed and accelerated in the future	83
8 Conclusions and policy recommendations	85
References	88
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