Caspian Sea State of the Environment 2019
One of the most pressing problems in the region is the increasing contribution to air pollution from mobile sources. In Baku, mobile sources account for 84 per cent of air pollution ( Azerbai- jan, State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan 2017). Regular monitoring of dust (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbonmonoxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide is currently con- ducted in Azerbaijan. On the coast, air quality is
(Russian Federation, State Oceanography Insti- tute 2012–2016). The Caspian Environmental Control Service (Haz- arEcoControl) of the Turkmenistan Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection moni- tors water quality in the north-eastern sector of the Caspian Sea. Water in the eastern sector contains certain concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols and heavy metal ions. Seasonal reductions in dissolved oxygen content, which can vary from 4.6 to 7.6 mg per litre, are possible here. The country has focused particularly on the need to clean up hotspots like Soymonov Bay, which was heavily polluted by the refinery plant on the coast. The hydrocarbon concentration has fallen to 2.2 mg per litre over the last 10 years (National Contribution). 5.3. Air quality Air quality is an important indicator of anthro- pogenic pressure on the environment. In addi- tion to having a direct impact on human health and land-based ecosystems, atmospheric pol- lutants can be deposited on the surface of water bodies and affect water quality. All of the Caspian littoral states note with a high degree of confidence that transport and industri- al emissions are the main sources of air pollution (National Contributions). Their main concerns with regard to air quality are related to industrial areas and urban centres. Air pollution can be classified according to two main groups: particulate and gaseous. Some forms are visible and some invisible. Both groups have a major impact on human health and the environ- ment. Some atmospheric pollutants contribute to climate change (Nugumanova et al. 2017). There are four main sources of air pollution: • mobile sources: cars, buses, aeroplanes, trucks, trains, etc. • stationary sources: power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, factories, etc. • area sources: agricultural areas, cities, wood-burning fireplaces, etc. • natural sources: windblown dust, forest fires, volcanoes, etc.
RUSSIA
NO₂
Dust
Dust NO₂
Dossor,
Kosshagyl Makat,
Thousand tonnes
KAZAKHSTAN
Formaldehyde
Atyrau
SO₂
Dust
50
Kulsary
Zhanbay,
NH₃
0
Zaburunye
Astrakhan
Kalmykia
Thousand tonnes
CASPIAN SEA
200
H₂SO₄
PM₁₀
150
SO₂
NH₃
Aktau
100
Makhachkala
Formaldehyde
Dust
50
0
Dagestan
SO₂
NO₂
AZERBAljAN
Dust
Sumgayit
NO₂
NO₂
Baku
SO₂
Turkmenbashi
TURKMENISTAN
IRAN
PM₁₀
PM₂.₅
Rasht
PM₂.₅
0
100 km
PM₁₀
Sari
Degree of increase in the concentration of air pollutants by the WHO and national indicators
Border
Pollutants from mobile sources
Basin
Country Administrative units
Dust
2 5 9 12 27 times higher
CO
SO₂
NOx
Oil fields
Sources of pollution
Mobile
Stationary
Oil/gas
Baku Sumgayit
Dagestan Kalmykia Actau Turkmenbashi Astrakhan city
Sources: National statistical offices; Anoshkina et al., 2015; Mustafaev et al., 2016; “ Report ” , 2017; Rosprirodnadzor; SoE-Astrakhan, 2017; SoE-Kazakhstan, 2017; SoE-Seaport Aktau, 2017; SoE-Turkmenistan, 2008; WHO Air pollution online map, figures for 2016; WHO-guidelines.
Map by Manana Kurtubadze, GRID-Arendal, April 2018.
Figure 5.4: Pollutant emissions
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