Caspian Sea State of the Environment 2019

First page Table of contents Next page Last page

Preface	5
Executive summary	9
1. INTRODUCTION	13
2. METHODOLOGY	17
3.DRIVERS	19
3.1. Socioeconomic situation	19
3.2. Direct drivers (sectors)	23
3.3. Indirect drivers	31
4. PRESSURES	37
4.1 Fishing	37
4.2. Mineral extraction	41
4.3. Agriculture	43
4.4. External inputs: discharge and run-off	44
4.5. Atmospheric emissions	51
4.6. Solid waste	52
4.7. Marine litter	55
4.8. Tourism and recreation	57
5. STATE	59
5.1. Changes in bioresourses	59
5.2. Quality of seawater and incoming fresh water	63
5.3. Air quality	68
5.4. Sediment quality	70
5.5. Biodiversity	73
6. IMPACT	83
6.1. Impact on human health	83
6.2. Impact on the economy	83
6.3. Fisheries	83
6.4. Shipping	85
6.5. Ports and harbour infrastructure	87
6.6. Submarine cables and pipelines	89
7. RESPONSE	91
7.1. Regional governance	91
7.2. Bilateral cooperation	92
7.3. National governance	93
7.4. Policy and legislation	96
8. MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE	105
9. PARTICIPATION AND OUTREACH	109
10. MEASURES	113
11. CONCLUSION	117
Notes	119
References	120

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