Caspian Sea State of the Environment 2019
CASPIAN SEA STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
2019
6. IMPACT 6.1. Impact on human health 6.2. Impact on the economy
83 83 83 83 85 87 89 91 91 92 93 96
Preface Executive summary
5 9
1. INTRODUCTION
13
6.3. Fisheries 6.4. Shipping
2. METHODOLOGY
17
6.5. Ports and harbour infrastructure 6.6. Submarine cables and pipelines
3. DRIVERS 3.1. Socioeconomic situation 3.2. Direct drivers (sectors) 3.3. Indirect drivers
19 19 23 31 37 37 41 43 44 51 52 55 57 59 59 63 68 70 73
7. RESPONSE 7.1. Regional governance 7.2. Bilateral cooperation 7.3. National governance 7.4. Policy and legislation
4. PRESSURES 4.1. Fishing 4.2. Mineral extraction 4.3. Agriculture 4.4. External inputs: discharge and run-off 4.5. Atmospheric emissions
8. MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE
105
9. PARTICIPATION AND OUTREACH
109
10. MEASURES
113
4.6. Solid waste 4.7. Marine litter 4.8. Tourism and recreation
11. CONCLUSION
117
5. STATE 5.1. Changes in bioresources 5.2. Quality of seawater and incoming fresh water 5.3. Air quality 5.4. Sediment quality 5.5. Biodiversity
Notes References
119 120
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