The Environmental Crime Crisis
The charcoal supply chain
Price of a bag of charcoal at retail market Percentage of the total selling price, Malawi
Forestry department
Production site
Producer
33
Armed groups roadblocks
Police or other official authority
6
Roadside vendor
Packing
Middlemen
12
Police or other official authority
Private taxes and bribes
Armed groups roadblocks
25
Transport
Wholesale market
3
Market fee
Retail market
21
Point of control, roadblock with informal taxation and bribing
Retailer
International market, shipping
International market via Internet
Household
Sources: Kambewa, P., et al ., Charcoal: the reality, 2007
Figure 18: The charcoal supply chain.
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