Vital Waste Graphics 3

BIOGAS AND COMPOST WASTE REVENUES

Organic or fermentable waste forms the largest fraction of municipal waste in most countries worldwide. From the 20-40 per cent range in high-revenue countries, the proportion rises to 50-80 per cent in developing countries. If paper and other biodegradable waste is also taken into consid- eration, this proportion can exceed two-thirds of urban waste.

Compost markets

This gives some idea of the importance of sorting and recovering compostable wastes. Composting, bio-methaniza- tion and similar processes can reduce not only the volume of waste going to landfill, but also provide cheap lo- cal fertilizing products for agriculture. Moreover, with appropriate means and infrastructure, energy or heat can be recovered from such fermentation pro- cesses; greenhouse gas emissions linked to incineration or normal degradation processes can also be reduced, as can air, soil and water pollution linked to leaching or other gas emissions. Methane, for instance, is the main by- product of the biodegradation of organ- ic material such as food waste, animal manure or waste from the paper or food industry. Major sources also include

municipal waste landfills, wastewater treatment plants (sewage sludge) and agriculture (rice fields). Methane gas can often be collected and harnessed to produce heat, electricity or both (cogeneration) through the process of methanization of biomass. The local benefits are numerous – industrial and household energy, or heating supplies for example. The emissions avoided in this way can have a significant impact on climate change, considering the re- lated reduction in fossil-fuel consump- tion and the fact that methane’s global- warming potential is 21 times higher than carbon dioxide. The issue of land-use competition between food crops and crops being grown especially for methanization (maize in Germany) remains contro-

HORTICULTURAL USES high quality, mature compost

30 dollars per cubic metre 1

Greenhouses

Sports turf

Landscaping top soil mix Nurseries

Private gardens Organic farming Wine and fruits Other agricultural uses Land reclamation

1

AGRICULTURAL USES

Volume of demand

Source: Modified from Amlinger, 2000 cited in Economic Analysis of Options for Managing Biodegradable Municipal Waste , a report by Eunomia for the European Commission, 2001. 1 - 2000 price estimates for Europe.

Biogas: electricity, heat (and waste reduction)

Index=100 in 1990

1 000

Primary energy produced from biogas in the European Union in 2009

Biogas production in selected countries

South Korea

800

From agricultural and other biogas plants

Source: Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistics Division.

600

From landfills

Denmark

From sewage sludge

400

Germany

200

Germany only

Poland

0

1990

1995

2000

2005 2007

Source: Biogas barometer, Eurobserv'ER, November 2010.

French regulation prices for electricity by source 1

World electricity from waste

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 TWh 1

100 200 300 dollars per MWh

0

2009

Electricity from municipal waste and other biogas processes

Hydropower Wind (on land)

1 - in September 2010. 2 - 75 to 140 € per MWh.

3 - Depending on plant capacity, technology and contract duration.

Electricity from industrial waste

Wind (offshore)

1999

Biogas / methanisation: 95 to 178 $ per MWh 2

Biomass combustion

1 - One Terawatt hour equals 1 000 000 000 kilowatt hour.

Geothermal energy

Source: EurOberv'ER, 2010.

Solar photovoltaic

Source: Worldwide Electricity Production from renewable energy sources, Edition 2010, Eurobserv'ER, EDF, ADEME.

Minimum 3

Maximum 3

0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

VITAL WASTE GRAPHICS 3 20