Vital Ozone Graphics 3

9

CFC END USES IN THE US IN 1987 CFC END USES IN THE US IN 1987

ODS can escape during use (for example when used in aerosol sprays), or are released at the end of the lifetime of a equipment if proper care is not taken during its disposal. They can be captured, recycled and re-used if proper procedures are followed by servicing technicians and equipment owners. Disposing of ODS is possible, though it is relatively costly and laborious. These chemicals must should be destroyed using one of the de- struction processes approved by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol.

In percentage of all CFC uses

100%

3.5%

Aerosols *

Medical sterilants

Most commonly used ozone depleting substances and their replacements

6.5%

Use

ODS

Characteristics

Alternatives

Other refrigeration

CFC 11, 12, 113, 114, 115

Long-lived, non-toxic, non-cor- rosive, and non-flammable. They are also versatile. Depending on the type of CFC, they remain in the atmosphere from between 50 to 1700 years Deplete the ozone layer, but to a much lesser extent. They are being phased out as well. see above

HFCs, hydrocarbons, ammonia, water Alternative technologies: gas-fired air conditioning, adsorption chillers

Refrigeration and air conditioning

17%

HCFC 22, 123, 124

HFCs, hydrocarbons, ammonia, water Alternative technologies: gas-fired air conditioning, adsorption chillers Alternative technologies: gas-fired air conditioning, adsorption chillers Non-foam insulation, HFCs, hydrocar- bons, CO 2 , 2-chloropropane Water, CO 2 , inert gases, foam, HFCs, fluorinated ketone No single alternative Integrated pest management systems Artificial substrates Crop rotation Phosphine, Chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropro- pene, Heat, Cold, CO 2 , Steam treatments and Combined/Controlled atmospheres Change to maintenance-free or dry processes, no-clean flux, aqueous and semi-aqueous systems Hydrocarbons Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) Chlorinated solvents (e.g. trichloroeth- ylene) Volatile flammable solvents (e.g.methyl alcohol) see above

Car air conditioning

20%

CFC 11, 12, 114

Aerosols

CFC 11, 12, 113 HCFC 22, 141b, 142b

see above

Foam blowing/rigid insulation foams Fire extinction

Solvents

50%

Halons (e.g. halon-1301, halon-1211) Methyl bromide

Atmospheric lifetime of 65 years

Fumigant used to kill soil-borne pests and diseases in crops prior to planting and as disinfectants in commodities such as stored grains or agricultural commodi- ties awaiting export. Takes about

Pest control/soil fumigation

21%

0.7 years to break down. see above for CFC, HCFC

Plastic foams

Solvents (used for cleaning precision parts)

CFC 113, HCFC 141b, 225 1,1,1 trichloroethane

32%

Close to zero flammability Toxic ODP 1.1 Low dissolving power Forms poisonous phosgene under high temperatures in air. As its use as a feedstock results in the chemical being destroyed and not emitted, this use is not controlled by the Montreal Protocol

Carbontetrachloride

0%

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 (cited by WRI 1996). * Note that CFCs in aerosols were banned in the US in 1978.

Sources: US EPA 2006, www.Wikipedia.org, European Commission 2009.

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