Vital Ozone Graphics 3

23

THE OZONE PROTECTION LANDSCAPE 7+( 2=21( 3527(&7,21 /$1'6&$3(

3DUWLHV WR WKH 0RQWUHDO 3URWRFRO

2]RQH 6HFUHWDULDW DW 81(3 1DLURE L

%XUHDX RI WKH 0HHWLQJ RI 3DUWLHV

0XOWLODWHUDO )XQG ([HFXWLYH &RPPLWWHH

,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ &RPPLWWHH

$VVHVVPHQW 3DQHOV

0XOWLODWHUDO )XQG 6HFUHWDULDW 0RQWUHDO

(QYLURQ PHQWDO (IIHFWV

7HFKQRORJ\ DQG (FRQRPLFV

6FLHQFH

,PSOHPHQWLQJ $JHQFLHV 81'3 81(3 2]RQ$FWLRQ &RPSODQFH $VVLVWDQFH 3URJUDPPH 81,'2 :RUOG %DQN

128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

1DWLRQDO 2]RQH 8QLWV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV

6RXUFHV 2]RQH 6HFUHWDULDW )XQG 6HFUHWDULDW 2]RQ$FWLRQ

The Protocol can be summarized in seven key features:

products containing ODS with non-Parties, and also provisions for trade between Parties; The protocol includes an adjustment provi- sion that enables Parties to respond to de- veloping science and accelerate the phase- out of agreed ODS without going through the lengthy formal process of national ratification. It has been adjusted five times to accelerate the phase-out schedule, which is in itself a re- markable achievement; Developing countries are allowed a “grace pe- riod” of 10 to 16 years beyond the dates es- tablished for industrialized countries to comply with the control provisions of the Protocol; In 1990 the Parties established the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol to help developing countries meet their compliance obligations under the treaty (see following chapter).

It requires each of the 196 countries and the European Union that ratified the proto- col (called “Parties”) and its amendments to almost completely eliminate production and consumption of nearly 100 chemicals that have ozone depleting properties, in accord- ance with agreed timelines; The protocol requires each of the Parties to report annually on their production, imports and exports of each of the chemicals they have undertaken to phase out; An Implementation Committee made up of ten Parties from different geographical regions re- views data reports submitted by Parties, as- sesses their compliance status, and makes recommendations to the meeting of the Par- ties regarding countries in non-compliance; The protocol includes trade provisions that prevent Parties from trading in ODS and some

1.

5.

2.

6.

3.

7.

4.

Packard Motor Company produces the first car with ODS vehicle air conditioner (HCFC-22); Goodhue and Sullivan invent aerosol products, introducing CFC-12 as the best propellant.

Finlay discovers that UV radiation causes skin cancer; Midgley, Henne and McNary invent CFCs. The firm “Frigidaire” receives the first CFC patent.

Brewer and Milford construct an electrochemical ozone sonde; the first weather satellite is launched.

Westinghouse markets the first aerosol pesticide propelled by CFC-12 for use by the US military during WWII.

Bates and Nicolet propose the theory of ozone destruction by hydrogen radicals.

Chapman establishes the photochemical theory of stratospheric ozone; General Motors and DuPont form the Kinetic Chemical Company to manufacture and market CFC refrigerants.

WMO and IOC establish the Global Ozone Observing System.

1928 29

31

1936

1939

1942

1948

1955 1957-58

1930

1940

1950

1960

Second International Ozone Conference in Oxford.

First scientific International Ozone Conference in Paris

International Ozone Commission (IOC) organized at the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics General Assembly in Oslo.

IOC and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) propose a global ozone station network.

ection, Progress report, April 2007; Sharon L. Roan, Ozone crisis, 1989.