Vital Caspian Graphics 2

Markets competing for Caspian oil and gas

Impoverished by successive crises, the rural population has been tempted to move to the region’s overpopulated cities, in keeping with a widespread trend, but overall the balance is beginning to tip in favour of farming. Greater investment is nevertheless needed to sustain this sector and downstream agrifood industries, which are currently outdated and ill equipped.

Fishing is important for all the littoral countries. The catch of fish from the Caspian contributes a significant share of the regional economy. Fisheries provide more than 7 000 jobs in Iran and perhaps an equal number in related activities. However, with fisheries cutting back due to the declining fish stocks, environmental degradation and changes in the ecosystem, the sector is losing its importance, leaving many of those who depended on it jobless.

BARENTS SEA

NORWEGIAN SEA

Y

e n

To Europe and North America

i s

e

Murmansk

y

Rovaniemi

Sweden

Norway

DN DES IAMALO- NENETS

DN DES EVENKS

DN DES NENETS

Oslo

r a

P e t c h o

BALTIC SEA

Finland

CARГLIE

O b

Denmark

Helsinki

PORT ET TERMINAL PГTROLIER EN CONSTRUCTION PERMETTANT D'ГVITER LES ГTATS BALTES Saint Petersburg

Tallinn

To Europe and North America

Y

VIA BALTICA

Estonia

KOMI S

e n

DN DES KHANTY- MANSIS

b

O

i s

e

Riga Latvia Lithuania Vilnius

y

AUTOROUTE ET TGV

y

Kaliningrad

DN DES KOMIS- PERMIAKS

Poland

KHAKASSIE To Vladivostok Japan and China

To Europe

ch blic

Russia

Minsk

RГP. DE MARII-EL

I rt y

c h

OUDMOURTI E MODERNISATION DU TRANSSIBГRIEN

Varsovie

Belarus

V

o l

g

a

Moscow

Omsk

b

O

Chelyabinsk

TCHOUVACHIE

Slovakia

TATARSTAN

MORDOVIE

To Europe

ALTAм

Kiev

BACHKORTOSTAN

Samara

a

g

o l

Astana

V

y c

I rt

h

D ni

Moldova

ep r Ukraine

Chisinau

VOIE FERRГE CONTOURNANT L'UKRAINE

Bucarest Romania

U

Odessa

Volgograd

r a l

o

Marioupol

n

D

Rostov

Alashanku

PORT EN CONSTRUCTION

SОbastopol CrimОe

Constanta BLACK SEA

Bulgaria

KHALMG- TANGTCH- KALMYKIE

Kazakhstan

Astrakhan

To Shanghai

Share of food in total household expenses

Novorossiysk

Atyrau

Bourgas Alexandroupolis

ece

Olia

BATEAUX- CITERNES To Europe and North America

In percentage

Almaty

Istanbul

ARAL SEA

FERRY

70 60 80 90 100

Chechnya

DОtroit des Dardanelles

DОtroit du Bosphore

Bichkek

Aktau

Georgia

CASPIAN SEA

Kyrgyzstan

Supsa

Ankara

Turkey

Tbilissi

DAGHESTAN

Tachkent

FERRY ET BATEAUX CITERNES Turkmenbashi

Uzbekistan

Azerbaijan

China

Armenia

Yerevan

Ceyhan

Baku

A r

Doushanbe Tajikistan

TRACECA ET INOGATE Turkmenistan

To Europe and North America

a

k

s

OLГODUC SOUS-MARIN

Ashgabad

Cyprus

Mossoul

Syria

Pakistan

0 10 20 30 40 50

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Lebanon

ROUTE MER NOIRE - IRAN PERMETTANT LE DГSENCLAVEMENT DE L'ARMГNIE

Tehran

Afghanistan

Israel

India

Iraq

Palestine

Jordan

Herat

Iran

Egypt

To Oman Sea via Pakistan

0

500

1 000 km

MAP BY PHILIPPE REKACEWICZ LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE - APRIL 2006

Main transportation axes for oil and gas

Countries bordering on Caspian

Eastward (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) Westward (Europe and North America) Iranian alternative (Towards Persian Gulf) disqualified by the United States

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Other countries

Azerbaijan

Russia

Kazakhstan

Main zones for oil and gas extraction Sources: Stephen Blank, Central Asia’s energy game intensifies , Eurasianet, September 2005; United States Energy Information Administration (EIA); Sylvaine Pasquier, “Pressions sur l’or noir”, l’Express , 1st August 2005; InterstateOil andGas Transport toEurope (INOGATE ); EnergyMap of theMiddle East andCaspianSeaAreas, Petroleum Economist, London, 2003; International Energy Agency (IEA); Jean Radvanyi, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010.

Source: CIS Statistical Yearbook , Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Figure: Share of food in total household expenses. In the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet regime and massive market deregulation, the breakdown of total household expenditure radically changed. Its focus shifted towards basic human needs, such as food, for which spending increased two or threefold in 10 years, reducing funds available for other essentials such as education and health.

16

17