The State of the Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment

Heptachlor, Mirex, Toxaphene; Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, Beta exachlorocyclohexane, Hexabromobiphenyl, Chlordecone and Pentachlorobenzene; Tetrabromodiphenyl ether, Pentabro- modiphenyl ether, Hexabromodiphenyl ether and Heptabro- modiphenyl ether; Lindane and Endosulfan; Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooactane sulfonyl fluoride. The SAP/BIO adopted in 2003 establishes a measurable frame- work of actions for the implementation of the 1995 SPA Pro- tocol. The SAP/BIO assesses the status of marine and coastal biodiversity, evaluates the main problems affecting biodiver- sity and identifies concrete remedial actions at national and regional levels (UNEP/MAP/RAC/SPA 2003). In addition, eight regional biodiversity oriented action plans have been adopted within the MAP context. Seven of these directly concern con- servation for the most threatened and most emblematic spe- cies and sensitive habitats in the Mediterranean. These include the monk seal; marine turtles, especially the green turtle; ceta- ceans, especially the bottlenose dolphin; bird species like the Audouin’s gull; cartilaginous fishes like the great white shark and the saw-shark; marine plants i.e. macrophytes and plant as- semblages seen as natural monuments, like Posidonia barrier reefs; coralligenous and other calcareous bioconcretions, like coralline algal frameworks. The eighth, concerning introduc- tions of species and invasive species, aims at developing co- ordinated measures to prevent, check and monitor the effects of such introductions. Additionally, through the Protocol con- cerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA/BD Protocol), the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention established the List of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI’s List) in order to promote cooperation in the management and conser- vation of natural areas, as well as in the protection of threat- ened species and their habitats. Since the 17th ordinary meet- ing of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols (2012), the SPAMI List includes 32 sites, among which one encompasses an area established also on the high sea: the Pelagos Sanctuary for marine mammals. The Action Plan for the implementation of the ICZM Protocol, recently adopted in February 2012, relies on country-based plan- ning and regional coordination and is aimed at supporting the implementation of the Protocol at the regional, national and lo- Timeline of Barcelona Convention and its Protocols Ti eline of Barcelona Convention and its Protocols Timeline of Barcelona Convention and its Protocols

Status of rati cation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocols

BARCELONA CONVENTION Convention and Protocols rati cation Dumping Protocol Prevention and Emergency Protocol (former Emergency Protocol) LBS Protocol

O shore Protocol Hazardous Wastes Protocol ICZM Protocol Not rati ed SPA & Biodiversity Protocol (former SPA Protocol)

Initial protocol rati ed, replacement protocol not rati ed or amendments not accepted

Initial protocol not rati ed, replacement protocol rati ed

European Union member Country member of the Barcelona Convention

Sources: UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)

cal level, strengthening the capacities of the Contracting Parties to implement the Protocol and use ICZM policies, instrument, tools and processes and promote the Protocol regionally and globally. As envisaged under the ICZM Protocol, the action plan relies on the adoption of national strategies and coastal imple- mentation plans and programmes for the implementation of the ICZM Protocol. A number of national strategies are underway or proposed and these should mutually reinforce the development of the common regional framework.

BARCELONA CONVENTION Dumping Protocol Emergency Protocol BARCELONA CONVENTION Dumping Protocol Emergency Protocol BARCELONA CONVENTION Dumping Protocol Em rgency Protocol

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4

3 3 3

Prevention and Emergency Protocol LBS Protocol SPA Protocol Prevention and Emergency Protocol LBS Protocol SPA Protocol Prevention and Emergency Protocol LBS Protocol SPA Prot col SPA & Biodiversity Protocol SPA & Biodiversity Protocol SPA & Biodiversity Protocol

2 2 2

1 1 1

2 2 2

3 3 3

1 1 1

4 4 4

1 1 1

2 2 2

1 1 1

2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

O shore Protocol Hazardous Wastes Protocol O shore Protocol Hazardous Wastes Protocol O shore Hazardous Wastes r t l ICZM Protocol ICZM Protocol ICZM Protocol

2 2 2

1 1 1

1 1 1

1976 1976 1976

1980 1980 1980

1985 1985 1985

1990 1990 1990

1995 1995 1995

2000 2000 2000

2005 2005 2005

2010 2010 2010

Adoption of amendments Adoption of amendments Adoption of amendments

Entry into force of amendments Entry into force of amendments Entry into force of amendments

Adoption Adoption Adoption

Entry into force Entry into force Entry into force

1 1 1

2 2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4

Source: UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) Source: UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) Source: UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)

74

STATE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT