The Socio-Economics of the West, Central and Southern African Coastal Communities

(eds.). Adaptive Co-Management. Collaboration, Learning and Multi- Level Governance. UBS Press, Vancouver, pp. 308-327. In Interwies and Görlitz (2013), p. 43. 240. Interwies and Görlitz (2013), p. 43. 241. Interwies (2013) tries to provide national experts with some guidance as to how to adjust the GCLME ecosystem service per hectare values to national levels. It is clear that more comprehensive and detailed data would improve the quality of the results and allow for application of more reliable valuation methods. Interwies (2013), pp. 110-115. 242. Neumann, C. (2015). Policy Actions That Ensure Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services Support the SDGs. In: Neumann et al. (2015) The Ocean and Us. GRID-Arendal, Arendal, Norway. p. 42.. 243. Ibid., p. 42-43. 244. Operation Phakisa homepage, http://www.operationphakisa.gov.za/ pages/home.aspx (accessed August 1, 2016). 245. Oceans Economy Lab, Operation Phakisa website, http://www. operationphakisa.gov.za/operations/oel/pages/default.aspx (accessed August 1, 2016). 246. ANPN Research for National Strategies, Parcs Gabon website, http:// scienceparcsgabon.weebly.com/research-for-national-strategies. html (accessed August 1, 2016). 247. Government of Gabon Announces the Decision to Create A New Marine Protected Area Network -- Covering About 23 percent of Gabon’s Territorial Waters and EEZ (November 12, 2014). WCS News Releases, http://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ ArticleView/articleId/5102/Government-of-Gabon-Announces- the-Decision-to-Create-A-New-Marine-Protected-Area-Network-- Covering-About-23-percent-of-Gabons-Territorial-Waters-and-EEZ. aspx (accessed August 1, 2016). 248. Adaptation to Coastal Erosion in Vulnerable Areas, Adaptation Fund website, https://www.adaptation-fund.org/project/adaptation-to- coastal-erosion-in-vulnerable-areas/. (accessed August 1, 2016). 249. World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). In: Interwies (2011), Foreward. 250. Interwies (2011), p. 56. 251. Interwies (2011), pp. 60-63.

Agenda%202063%20Framework%20-Formatted%20TOC-1.pdf 272. Developed in 2013 (see: http://pages.au.int/maritime). 273. A large meeting has been organised in March 2015 while a Policy handbook has been produced in 2016. See: http://www.uneca.org/ stories/blue-economy-africa%E2%80%99s-future 274. In that perspective, special attention will be placed on key sectors such as: Coastal Tourism, Marine Biomedicine and cosmetic Industry, Marine Chemical Industry, Marine Communications and Transportation Industry, Marine Electric Power Industry, Marine Fishery and Aquaculture, Marine Salt Industry, Ocean Mining Industry, Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, Seawater Utilization Industry, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding and Repair Industry. 275. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ rankorder/2241rank.html 276. Mainly Côte d’Ivoire, South Africa and Angola. 277. Average price of US$ 60 the gallon and US$2 per 1000 cubic meters. 278. Estimation made for the preparation of the Document “Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to the coastal and marine biodiversity in Africa” (under press) using FAO Fishstat data for 2014 and an average price of EUR 700 per tonne. 279. Damiano R., M.- E. Guélé, E. Panequin, J. Hambrey, M. O. Sidina et P. Failler (2012), Étude relative au développement de la mariculture dans la baie du Lévrier, Plan de développement de la mariculture dans la baie du Lévrier, 41 p. 280. In 2013, the government placed a moratorium on planned marine phosphate mining off the country’s coastal waters until an environmental impact study had shown that mining will not destroy the fishing industry. 281. The other key deep sea mining products such as seafloor massive sulphides, polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich crust are mainly found in the Pacific area. 282. Monnereau I. and P. Failler (2014), Unlocking the full potential of the blue economy: Are African Small Island Developing States ready to embrace the opportunities? African Climate Policy Center and Economic Commission for Africa, http://www.climdev- africa.org/sites/default/files/DocumentAttachments/Blue%20 Economy_19Sept14.pdf 283. Which is with Asia (6%) one of the world fastest-growing tourist destinations. 284. According to the 2016 World Bank report on tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa. 285. Except for Kenya for political and terrorism reasons including the conflict with Somalia and despite the fact that a 5-year large project set-up by UNEP/GEF/UNWTO/UNIDO named COAST (2009-2013) has been devoted to the improvement of the sustainability of costal tourism in 9 African countries (see: http://coast.iwlearn.org/en/about). 286. Following the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment nomenclature, see: http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html 287. Covering Senegal, Cabo Verde, Guinea Bissau and Guinea. 288. No oil and gas exploitation in these countries yet. 289. Based on the estimated value added of the fishery sector (around 40% of the EUR 4 billion revenues) and the one of the mangrove wood cut (around 10%of the one of the fishery). Calculation: 40% x 4.4 x 2.7 = 4.8 290. All reports canbe viewed at: http://www.fao.org/publications/search/ fr/?sel=ZmRyX2Nfc2VyaWVzOiJodHRwOi8vYWltcy5mYW8ub3JnL2 Fvcy9zZXJpZXMvY182MCI%3D 291. See list: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/cecaf/Cecaf_SSC7/inf4e.pdf 292. Full report available at: http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/ bad88156-011e-4cb4-aed5-c6e00f6def46/ 293. See full report: https://www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/ExecSum/ YFT_ENG.pdf 294. See full report: https://www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/ExecSum/ BET_ENG.pdf 295. See Appendix for updated values; also additional information available at https://www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/ExecSum/SKJ_ENG.pdf

252. Ibid., p. 65. 253. Ibid., p. 66.

254. Ibid., p. 65-67. 255. Ibid., p. 68, 53. 256. Ibid., pp. 68-69. 257. Ibid., pp. 53-54. 258. Ibid., p. 55.

259. Herr, D. T. et al. (2015). Coastal “blue” carbon. A revised guide to supporting coastal wetland programmes and projects using climate finance and other financial mechanisms. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, p.35. 260. Ibid., p. 35. 261. Ibid. 262. Interwies (2011), p. 54. 263. Ibid., p. 70. 264. Ibid.

265. Ibid., pp. 71-73. 266. Ibid., pp. 71-72.

267. Ibid., p. 73. 268. Ibid., p. 74. 269. Ibid., p. 75.

270. The Blue Economy incorporates technologies that are mature or post-mature stage such as oil & gas, tourism, shipping and fishing. Blue Growth is the long term strategy to support sustainable growth within the Blue Economy incorporating life-cycle assessment. It encompasses technologies that have high growth and job potential and by their nature they are early stage and novel (definition taken from the EU Research project MARIBE, see: https://maribe.eu/project/ 271. See: http://agenda2063.au.int/en/sites/default/files/Final%20Draft%20

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