The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security

resources. The ICCWC partners are the Convention on Interna- tional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Secretariat, INTERPOL, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the World Bank and the World Customs Organization. See also https://cites.org/eng/prog/iccwc.php/Action for an overview of ICCWC activities. 45. UNEA Resolution 1/3 Illegal trade in Wildlife ibid. 46. “Declaration on the Environmental Rule of Law: Outcome of the 1st Iucn World Environmental Law Congress” (paper presented at the IUCN World Environmental Law Congress, Rio de Janeiro, 17 May 2016). 47. Ibid. 48. “Environmental Rule of Law: Critical to Sustainable Development,” in Issue Brief. 49. “Implementation of Resolutions of the United Nations Environment Assembly of Unep and Future Priorities for Asia Pacific (Discussion Document for Session 5 Unea),” in First Forum of Ministers and Environment Authorities of Asia Pacific Bangkok, 19-20 May 2015, ed. UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. 50. “1st Africa Colloquium on Environmental Rule of Law (“Nairobi Statement”).” 51. “Declaration on the Environmental Rule of Law: Outcome of the 1st Iucn World Environmental Law Congress.” 52. “Environmental Rule of Law: Critical to Sustainable Development.” 53. “Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to Cites in Effect after Its 16th Meeting”. 54. “Environmental Crime”. 55. “Wildlife and Forest Crime Overview”. 56. “The Wildlife and Forest Crime Analytic Toolkit,”https://cites.org/ eng/prog/iccwc.php/Tools. 57. UNODC CCP, letter to UNEP Rapid Response Unit, May 17th 2016. 58. “Cites Trade Database,”http://trade.cites.org/en/cites_trade/. 59. “Increasing Attention on Illegal Trade inWildlife - a Visual Summary of Key Events and Measures since 2012.” 60. “Iucn Reports Deepening Rhino Poaching Crisis in Africa,” news release, 09 March 2016, http://www.iucn.org/news_home- page/?22519/IUCN-reports-deepening-rhino-poaching-crisis-in-Af- rica. 61. “Trends in Levels of Illegal Killing of Elephants in Africa to 31 December 2015,” (CITES). 62. “Devastating Decline of Forest Elephants in Central Africa.” 63. “Trends in Levels of Illegal Killing of Elephants in Africa to 31 December 2015.” 64. “Green Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, Tax Fraud and Laun- dering in the Worlds Tropical Forests,” 34. 65. “The Global E-Waste Monitor – 2014,” (Bonn, Germany: United Nations University; IAS-SCUCLE). 66. “Waste Crime - Waste Risks: Gaps in Meeting the Global Waste Challenge.” 67. “Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assesment.” 68. “World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision,”http://esa.un.org/ unpd/wpp/DataQuery 69. “Global Economic Prospects 2016: Spillovers Amid Weak Growth,” http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-pros- pects. 70. Thailand, Vietnam (6%), Malaysia (5.1%), Philippines (6.3%), Lao (7.5%) and China (7.3%) 2013-2015. “Global Economic Prospects 2016: Spillovers Amid Weak Growth” http://www.worldbank.org/ en/publication/global-economic-prospects. 71. “Global Economic Prospects 2016: Spillovers Amid Weak Growth”. 72. “Transnational Organized Crime in the Fishing Industry: Focus on Traf- ficking in Persons, Smuggling of Migrants, Illicit Drugs Trafficking.”

73. Environmental Crimes, (Zoi Environment), https://issuu.com/ zoienvironment/docs/environmental-crimes-ebook. 74. “Illegal Trade in Environmentally Sensitive Goods: Executive Summary.” 75. “Green Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, Tax Fraud and Laun- dering in the Worlds Tropical Forests.” 76. “What Sustains Wildlife Crime? Rhino Horn Trading and the Resil- ience of Criminal Networks,” [- 2013/01/01.] Journal of Interna- tional Wildlife Law & Policy 16, no. 1. 77. Ibid. 78. “Poverty, Poaching and Trafficking: What Are the Links?,” in Evidence on Demand (Evidence on Demand). 79. “Addressing the Nexus between Illegal Wildlife and Forestry Trade and Corruption,” in Corruption and illegal trade in wildlife-6th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention Against Corrup- tion (UNODC Special High-level Event) (St Petersburg). 80. “Crime, Illicit Markets, and Money Laundering,” in Managing Global Issues: Lessons Learned, ed. P.J. Simmons; Chantal de Jonge Qudraat (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace). 81. “Termites at Work: Transnational Organized Crime and State Erosion in Kenya,” in IPI Policy Papers and Issue Briefs, ed. Adam Lupel and Marie O’Reilly (New York: International Peace Institute). 82. “The Evolution of Organized Crime in Africa: Towards a New Response,” Institute for Security Studies 244. 83. “Unraveling the New Criminal Nexus,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 6, no. 1. 84. “Nonstate Security Threats in Africa: Challenges for U.S. Engage- ment “ Prism 2, no. 1. 85. “A Game of Horns: Transnational Flows of Rhino Horn,” in Studies on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy (Cologne: International Max Planck research schoool). 86. “Crime, Illicit Markets, and Money Laundering.” 87. Ibid. 88. “A Game of Horns: Transnational Flows of Rhino Horn.” 89. Tree pangolin, long tailed pangolin, giant pangolin, Temminck’s ground pangolin. 90. Chinese pangolin; Indian pangolin, Sunda pangolin and Phillip- pine pangolin. 91. “Cites and Pangolins,” in First Pangolin Range States workshop (Da Nang, Viet Nam). 92. “Manis Crassicaudata (Indian Pangolin, Thick-Tailed Pango- lin),”http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12761/0. and “Manis Javanica (Malayan Pangolin, Sunda Pangolin),”http://www.iucnre- dlist.org/details/12763/0. 93. “Manis Pentadactyla (Chinese Pangolin),”http://www.iucnredlist. org/details/12764/0. and “Manis Culionensis (Philippine Pango- lin),”http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136497/0. 94. “Pangolin Trade in the Mong La Wildlife Market and the Role of Myanmar in the Smuggling of Pangolins in China,” Global Ecology and Conservation, no. 5: 119.; “Taking a Stand against Illegal Wild- life Trade: The Zimbabwean Approach to Pangolin Conservation,” Oryx FirstView: 1. 95. “Scaling up Pangolin Protection in China,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, no. 2. 96. “Scaling up Pangolin Conservation “ in IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group Conservation Action Plan (Zoological Society of London, UK IUCN SSC Pangolin specialist group), 4. 97. “World Wildlife Crime Report: Trafficking in Protected Species “ (Vienna). 98. “Scaling up Pangolin Conservation “ 16. 99. “Pangolin Trade in the Mong La Wildlife Market and the Role of Myanmar in the Smuggling of Pangolins in China.”

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