The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security

Notes

1. Development Assistance Flows for Governance and Peace,” in Enabling Effective Development (OECD Development Assistance Committee). https://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/publica- tions/documentuploads/Dev%20Assistance%20flows%20for%20 gov%20and%20peace.pdf” 2. Devastating Decline of Forest Elephants in Central Africa,” Plos One 8, no. 3; “Elephants in the Dust: The African Elephant Crisis,” in A Rapid Response Assessment ed. Christian Nellemann (GRID- Arendal). 3. “Increasing Attention on Illegal Trade inWildlife - a Visual Summary of Key Events and Measures since 2012.” 4. “Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Illegal Trade in Wildlife.” 5. John Scanlon, “Cites Cop16, Bangkok 2013: A ‘Watershed Moment’ for Combating Wildlife Crime,” Natural Resources Policy & Practice (2013). 6. “Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to Cites in Effect after Its 16th Meeting,”https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/dec/ valid16/E16-Dec.pdf 7. “Cites Cop16, Bangkok 2013: A ‘Watershed Moment’ for Combating Wildlife Crime.” 8. “Wildlife and Forest Crime Overview,”https://www.unodc.org/ unodc/en/wildlife-and-forest-crime/overview.html. 9. “Environmental Crime,”http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Envi- ronmental-crime/Environmental-crime 10. “The Environmental Food Crisis: The Environment’s Role in Averting Future Food Crisis,” in A UNEP Rapid Response Assess- ment (GRID-Arendal: UNEP). 11. “Healthy Environment, Healthy People: Thematic Report Ministe- rial Policy Review Session Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi, 23–27 May 2016,” (UNEP). 12. “Improving Awareness of Mercury Pollution in Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities: Challenges and Ways Forward in Rural Ghana,” Environmental Research 103, no. 2. 13. “Environmental Effect of Mineral Exploitation in Nigeria,” Interna- tional Journal of Physical Sciences 2, no. 2. 14. “The Environmental Crime Crisis,” in A Rapid Response Assess- ment, ed. Christian Nellemann (Nairobi and Arendal: GRID Arendal; UNEP). 15. “Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Illegal Trade in Wildlife.” 16. “Economic Commodity or Environmental Crisis? An Interdisci- plinary Approach to Analysing the Bushmeat Trade in Central and West Africa,” 35, no. 4. 17. “Statement by the President of the Security Council S/Prst/2016/2 31 March 2016,” (UN Security Council). 18. “Green Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, Tax Fraud and Laun- dering in the Worlds Tropical Forests,” in A Rapid Response Assess- ment (GRID-Arendal: United Nations Environment Programme). “Resolution 2195 (2014),” United Nations Security Council, http:// www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2195%20 (2014). 19. “Total Tax Rate (% of Commercial Profits)” http://data.worldbank. org/indicator/IC.TAX.TOTL.CP.ZS/countries?display=graph. 20. “The Environmental Crime Crisis.” 21. UNEP. 2015. “Waste Crime - Waste Risks: Gaps in Meeting the Global Waste Challenge,”ibid., ed. Nellemann C. Rucevska I., et al (United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal). 22. Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Report of the Conceptual Framework Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assess- ment (London: Island Press), chapter 2.

23. “The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital,” Nature 387. 24. “Changes in the Global Value of Ecosystem Services,” Global Envi- ronmental Change 26, no. -. 25. “The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of Teeb..” 26. “Chapter 5: The Economics of Valuing Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity,” in The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: The Ecological and Economic Foundations, ed. Roldan Muradian Unai Pascual. 27. “Conservation Reconsidered,” The American Economic Review 57, no. 4. 28. “Chapter 5: The Economics of Valuing Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity,” 14 figure 3. 29. “Environmental Crime - the Trafficking of Wildlife and Timber,” in FACTS. 30. “Environmental Crime.” 31. Mark Shaw et al., “Determining Trends in Global Crime and Justice: An Overview of Results from the United Nations Surveys of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems,” Forum on Crime and Society 3, no. 1 and 2. 32. “Organized Crime,”https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organ- ized-crime/index.html. 33. ”Organized criminal group” shall mean a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences established in accordance with this Convention, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit; “Serious crime” shall mean conduct constituting an offence punishable by a maximum deprivation of liberty of at least four years or a more serious penalty. (UNTOC Article 2 (a, b)) 34. “Resolution No.3: Ag-2014-Res-03: Interpol Response to Emerging Threats in Environmental Security.” 35. “Directive 2008/99/Ec of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the Protection of the Environ- ment through Criminal Law (Text with Eea Relevance).” 36. “Cites and Wildlife Trade - How Cites Works and What It Is and What Isn’t,” (Ilia State University, Tbilisi). 37. “International Trade Control Measures under the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions “, ed. FAO UNEP, Basel Convention, Rotterdam Convention, Convention de Stockholm. 38. “Synthesis of the 2014 Reports of the Scientific Environmental Effects, and Technology & Economic Assessment Panels of the Montreal Protocol “ (UNEP). 39. “1st Africa Colloquium on Environmental Rule of Law (“Nairobi Statement”),” ed. UNEP.. 40. “Decisions Adopted by the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum at Its First Universal Session,” ed. UNEP. 41. Ibid. 42. UNEA Resolution 1/3 Illegal trade in Wildlife “Resolutions and Decisions Adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme at Its First Session on 27 June 2014,” ed. UNEP. 43. UNEA Resolution 1/3 Illegal trade in Wildlife ibid. 44. The International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) is “the collaborative effort of five inter-governmental organizations working to bring coordinated support to the national wildlife law enforcement agencies and to the sub-regional and regional networks that, on a daily basis, act in defense of natural

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