The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security

Rhinos in Nepal and South Africa

Golden Lion Tamarin reintroductions in Brazil

In Nepal, rhino populations dropped by 88% to 100 animals in 1960 in just a decade due to poaching. 217 A Rhinoceros Action Plan for Nepal was developed 218 and an intense protec- tion scheme including the army and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, and translocations of a total of 87 rhinoceros took place between 1986 and 2003 (at an average cost of USD 4,000 each). When the war grad- ually broke out in Nepal in 1996 tourism dropped by 41% in two years 219 and rhino numbers dropped by 1/3 in five years to only 408 in 2005 as they were targeted for profits by armed groups. Dedicated rangers and antipoaching units in Bardia and Chitwan National parks fought hard to rescue remaining rhinos at the height of the conflict. Even after the war the fight continued, now with intact organised criminal networks smuggling rhino horn through Pokhara and Kathmandu to China. As populations were at its very low, protecting the remaining was vital. Indeed, due to intense efforts Nepal cele- brated in 2015 the third year (also 2011 and 2013) without the loss of a single rhino to poaching. Another remarkable success was that of the southern white rhino in South Africa. In the early 1900s, only around 50 white rhinos remained. Targeted conservation efforts brought these back to between 19,682 and 21,077 220 now the largest rhino population of all rhino species. But once again massive poaching is threatening these rhinos and entire different scale of efforts will be needed to prevent its fall once again.

In 2003, Brazil – and the World – could celebrate the down- listing of the status of the Golden Lion Tamarin (Leonto- pithecus rosalia), a primate, from critically endangered to endangered on the CITES list. The Tamarin only persists in a few patches in the Atlantic tropical rain forest in southeastern Brazil in Poço das Antas Biological Reserve, Fazenda União Biological Reserve and in some private land through the Rein- troduction Program. 221 The reintroduction programme including breeding programmes not only contributed significantly to increasing numbers in the wild, but also to the protection 3,100 ha of their habitat, vital to their survival. 222 Over thirty years of intensive conser- vation efforts managed to save this primate from extinction. Numbers remain uncertain, but are believed to have grown in recent years, but peer-reviewed documentation still lacking of population size, that is believed to be around 1,500 indi- viduals, by some estimates over 3,000 individuals in 2014, although populations are vulnerable. 223 Most of the remaining coastal Atlantic tropical forests in Brazil within the species’ original distribution consists of smaller fragments too small to sustain populations. Fragmentation and isolation of remaining forest patches, and their connectivity, along with illegal hunting and predation, are the primary threats to the future survival of the species. 224

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