The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security

Rhinos There are two species of African rhinos, black rhino and white rhino. The 5,042–5,455 115 critically endangered 116 and CITES Appendix I listed, 117 black rhinos are concentrated in South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. The 19,682– 21,077 118 white rhinos, IUCN listed as near threatened, 119 and CITES listed in Appendix I and II. 120 live mainly in South Africa but some have been introduced to Kenya, Zambia and Cote d’Ivoire. 121

In 2015, poachers killed at least 1,338 rhinos in Africa, the highest number in decades. 122 South Africa, the country that holds the vast majority of the world’s rhinos, lost at least 1,175 rhinos in 2015, down slightly from the record high in 2014, when 1,215 rhinos were killed. 123 As of 08 May 2016 363 124 rhinos had been killed in South Africa, which if the rate continues out 2016 will lead to 1037 rhinos killed. Kruger National Park was home to 8001–9290 white rhinos in 2014. 125 It has been the epicentre of the rhino poaching, with

African Rhino smuggling African Rhino smuggli

Main routes Main trafficking hubs Main routes Main trafficking hubs

Number of rhino horn seizures by country Main country of origin Main transit country Secondary transit country Main destination Secondary destination Number of rhino horn seizures by country Main country of origin Main transit country Secondary transit country Main destination Secondary destination

53 53

1 1

C HINA C HINA

Hong Kong Hong Kong

V IETNAM V IETNAM

The Netherlands Germany The Netherlands Germany

Hanoi Hanoi

UK UK

Tibet Tibet

Ireland Belgium Ireland Belgium

M ALAYSIA M ALAYSIA

T HAILAND T HAILAND

N EPAL N EPAL

Czech Republic Slovakia Czech Republic Slovakia

Assam (I NDIA ) Assam (I NDIA )

Bangkok Bangkok

Singapore Singapore

M YANMAR M YANMAR

O MAN O MAN

Y EMEN Y EMEN

K ENYA K ENYA

T ANZANIA T ANZANIA M OZAMBIQUE M OZAMBIQUE

B OTSWANA Z AMBIA B OTSWANA Z AMBIA

100 Number of Black Rhinos in Africa, thousands Black Rhinoceros, a dramatic loss 100 Number of Black Rhinos in Africa, thousands Black Rhinoceros, a dra atic loss

Rhinos reported illegally killed Southern Africa rhino poaching 1 400 Rhinos reported illegally killed Southern Africa rhino poaching 1 400

N AMIBIA N AMIBIA

South Africa Other countries (2014-15 only) South Africa Other countries (2014-15 only)

1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1 200

80 80

S OUTH A FRICA S OUTH A FRICA

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0

Source: TRAFFIC, The South Africa – Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus, 2012; TRAFFIC data, 2015 Source: TRAFFIC, The South Africa – Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus, 2012; TRAFFIC data, 2015

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

2007 2007

2009 2009

2011 2011

2013 2015 2013 2015

2008 2008

2010 2010

2012 2012

2014 2014

Figure 7: Illegal trafficking in wildlife and smuggling and poaching of rhinos.

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