The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security

For an approximate comparison the average world total tax rate % of commercial profits was 40.8 in 2015 according to the World Bank. 19 For the USD 91–259 billion range, with a profit of USD 27–78 billion, the tax income, which is loss for government revenue, would be 8–23 billion, or 8.8 % of the total amount. This is

About 10% of the total amount is estimated loss of revenue to governments. The number is based on two assumptions: 1. that the criminal activity generates an average profit of 30%, and 2. that government tax revenues could be 30% of the profits, if the environmental crime activities had been legal and legitimate.

Major environmental crimes, drives and impacts Major environmental crimes, drives and impacts Major environmental crimes, drives and impacts

152

At stake:

Livelihoods

50.7 50.7 152 152 50.7

At stake: At stake: Species xtintion Species extintion

Endangered forests

Livelihoods

Climate change emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Climate cha ge emissions from deforestation and forest degradation National economies: Illegal logging between 15 and 30 % of the global le al trade Climate change emissions from deforestation and forest degradation National economies: Illegal logging between 15 and 30 % of he global legal trade Endangered forests National economies: Illegal logging between 15 and 30 % of the global legal trade Endangered forests

Livelihoods

Species extintion

At stake:

11 23 11 23 11 23

At stake: At stake:

Fish stocks depletion

Targeted species: tuna, tooth sh, sharks Loss of revenues for local shers and States Targeted species: tuna, tooth sh, sharks Loss of revenues for local shers and States Targeted species: tuna, tooth sh, sharks Loss of revenues for local sh rs and States

Fish stocks depletion

Fish stocks depletion

Illegal logging and trade Illegal logging and trade Illegal logging and trade

Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated shing Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated shing Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated shing

Corruption National Corruption National Corruption National Local Local Local

National National Lack of legislation Lack of legislation National Lack of legislation

Mafias

National International Lack of law enforcement International Lack of law enforceme t National International Lack of law enforcement National

Corporate crime International Corporate crime International Corporate crime International National National National

Mafias Mafias International N tional International National International National

At stake:

23

At stake: At stake: Species extinction Species extinction

Increasing demand Domestic International I c e si g de and Domestic International Increasing demand Domestic International

Regional National Regional National Conflict Regional N tional Conflict Conflict

23 23

Annual revenue losses Minimum and maximun estimates, Billion dollars Annual revenue losses Minimum and maximun estimates, Billion dollars 48 Annual revenue losses Minimum and maximun estimates, Billion dollars

Species extinction

At stake:

7

At stake: At stake:

7 7

Resource depletion

Wildlife poaching and tra cking Wildlife poaching and tra cking Wildlife poaching and tra cking

Resource depletion Gold, diamond, rare earth... Liv lihoods (local communities) Gold, diamond, rare earth... Livelihoods (local communities) Resource depletion Gold, diamond, rare earth... Livelihoods (local communities) Loss of raw mat ri l for local industry Loss of raw material for local industry Loss of raw material for local industry

48 48

At stake:

10

12

At stake: At stake: Ecosystem depletion Human health Ecosystem depletion Human health Ecosystem depletion Human health

12

10 10

12 12

12 12

Illegal extraction and trade in minerals Illegal extraction and trade in minerals Illegal extraction and trade in minerals

Trade and dumping of hazardous waste Trade and dumping of hazardous waste Trade and dumping of hazardous waste

RHIPTO 2016

RHIPTO 2016 Figure 1: Environmental crimes go far beyond wildlife and includes fish, timber, minerals and even hazardous waste . 20-21

RHIPTO 2016

18