The Illegal Trade in Chemicals

CONTENTS

Annexes Annex 1. Definitions

69 70

Abbreviations

6

Executive summary

7

Annex 2. Comparison of the Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm and Minamata Conventions, and the Montreal Protocol Annex 3. Media accounts of recent national enforcement actions Annex 4. Summary of mercury cases Annex 5. Case study: Mercury trafficking for illegal gold mining in Colombia

Chapter 1: Introduction Economic impacts Human and environmental risks Methodology Chapter 2: Policy and governance Regulations and policies The manner of enforcement Gaps and challenges

9 11 12 13 15 16 22 23 27 28 31 33 35 36 39 41 42 43 45 46 49 52 53 55 56 57 58 59 61 63 65 67

72

73 75

76

Notes

79

References

80

Chapter 3: Chemicals, waste and markets The chemical and waste nexus Chemicals traded illegally Chapter 4: The illegal trade in pesticides Stakeholders Determining the scale of illegal trade

Source countries Trade strategies Trade routes

Chapter 5: The illegal trade in mercury Stakeholders Determining the scale of illegal trade Sources of mercury Trade strategies Trade routes

Chapter 6: Enforcement Awareness and cooperation Ineffective regulation Online trade

Selected regional enforcement efforts Selected national enforcement efforts

Chapter 7: Considerations for policymakers What to do about pesticides What to do about mercury

The Illegal Trade in Chemicals

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