The Environmental Atlas of Abu Dhabi Emirate

197

Index

groundwater resources 38, 41, 45, 140-149. See also water resources Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) 148, 149 conservation 44, 45 monitoring 140, 148, 149 reserves 38 salinity 43, 144, 148 storage 38 use 38, 142, 146 Groundwater Table 142 Gulf Cooperation Council 95 Gulf of Aden 26 Gulf of Oman 28, 42, 48, 87, 148 H hadaq 156, 157, 158, 159 Hafit period 86 Hajar Mountains 27, 33, 39, 91, 109 Halcyon chloris kalbaensis 55 Halocnemum strobilaceum 56 , 57 Halodule uninervis 53 Halopeplis perfoliata 56 , 57 Halophila ovalis 53 Halophila stipulacea 53 Haloxylon persicum 61, 131 Harmal 62, 62 Harmful Algal Blooms 43, 48, 50, 59, 154 Hawksbill turtle 52, 52 , 56, 56 , 126, 163 healthcare 102 Hili 39, 40, 86, 88, 179, 187 Himantopus himantopus 58, 58 Holocene Climatic Optimum 85 Holocene period 29, 85 Holothuria 53 Hooded Oyster 55 Hooded Wheatear 63 Houbara Bustard 60, 60 , 66, 66 , 71 conservation 66, 71, 172, 172 , 173, 173 distribution 172, 173 migration 66 Houbara Protected Area 71, 172, 173 Hume’s Wheatear 63 hydrocarbons 49, 74, 76, 99, 101, 175. See oil and natural gas Hydrogeology 38, 39, 138 Hydrology 136 Hydrophis lapemoides 53 Hyles livornica 62 I Ice Age 28, 34 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) 170 Indian Monsoon 35, 85 Indian Ocean 34, 35, 48, 54, 65, 91, 170 Indian scad 49 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin 51, 51 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin 52, 52 industrial water use 41 Indus Valley 86 International Fund for Houbara Conservation (IFHC) 66, 71, 172 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 103 intertidal zone 54 Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 35 invasive species 51 Iran 26, 28, 40, 66, 69, 78, 88, 89, 90, 111, 112, 166 Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) 76 Iron Age 40, 86, 88, 89 Islam 88, 89, 90, 91 Heliotropium bacciferum 62, 62 Hemitragus jayakari 62, 63, 63 , 71

Chlamydotis macqueenii 60, 60 , 66, 67, 71, 172, 172 , 173, 173 chlorine 43 Christianity 89 Christ’s Thorn 62, 62 Cistanche tubulosa 56, 56 Citrullus colocynthis 62, 62 Clamorous Reed Warbler 55 , 59 climate Palaeo-climate 29, 34 climate change 16, 29, 31, 34, 48 Climatic Optimum 28, 85 Clubionidae 61 coastal ecosystems 101 coastal terraces 122 Collared Kingfisher 55 Colotis phisadia 57 Common Bottlenose Dolphin 52 Common Greenshank 54 Common Moorhen 58 Common Myna 55 Common Redshank 58 , 65 Common Reed 59 Common Ringed Plover 65 Common Shelduck 58 Compagnie Francaises des Petroles (CFP) 76. See Total Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 34 Conoco Phillips 77 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 70 copper 43, 86 coral reefs 46, 48, 52, 70, 71, 101, 122, 152 corals 52 Acropora coral 52 Boulder Coral Porites 52 Coral diversity 52 effects of temperature 52 Cornulaca monacantha 57, 57 Crab Plover 54 crabs 51, 55 Blue Swimming Crab 55 Shore Crab 54 , 55 Crested Lark 57 Cretaceous period 82

Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin 52, 52 domestic water use 41, 42 See Also water resources dragonflies 59 Carmine Darter 59 Purple-blushed Darter 59 Purple Darter 59 Dromas ardeola 54 Dubai 40, 76, 98 Dugong 48, 53, 53 , 71, 162, 163, 163

Spotted Eagle Ray 53 whale sharks 50, 50 , 51 Yellowbar Angelfish 52 Yellow-spotted trevally 49 Yellowstripe Scad 51 Fisheries 53, 158 economic importance 53 overfishing 53, 160 fishing methods 53, 158 al defara 158, 159 al hadhra 158, 159 al halaq 158 al sakkar 158, 159 Gargoor 53, 156, 157 Hadaq 156, 157 nesabah 158 fish management 70, 156, 158 flood deltas 122, 123 forest plantations 36, 43, 44, 134 forestry 44, 134 fossils 82, 182 Free Port 156, 157, 159 Fujairah 40, 64 G Galerida cristata 57 Gallinula chloropus chloropus 58 Gargoor 53, 156, 157 Gazella gazella cora 166, 166 Gazella subgutturosa marica 60 , 167 geologic time Cenozoic era 74 Cretaceous period 82 Eocene 33

Dune Sand Gecko 61 Dung Beetle 60, 60 Dunlin 65 Dwarf Palm 62, 62

Page numbers in italics denote illustrations or graphics.

A Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (ADACH) 2, 82 Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030 99 Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (ADFEC) 2, 79, 103 Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Ltd. (GASCO) 77 Abu Dhabi Government Policy Agenda 2030 102 Abu Dhabi Island 96, 97, 176 Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey (ADIAS) 82 Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd. (ADMA) 76, 77 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) 77, 78, 79 Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company (ADPC) 76 Abu Dhabi Sustainability Group 102 Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority 148 Acacia tortilis 63 Acomys cahirinus dimidiatus 63 Acridotheres tristis 55 African Plate 26, 111 African Rift Valley 64 agricultural water use 43, 132 Air Quality 79, 184 Air Quality Committee 79 Air Quality Management (AQM) programme 184 Aizoon canariense 57 Al Ain 86, 88, 90, 91, 103, 129, 144, 176, 180, 181, 186, 187 Al Ain Zoo 71 Al Aryam Island 40, 45 Al Bateen 159 al-Bukhoosh oil field 76 Al Dabb’iya 32 al defara 158, 159 Al Futaisi Island 126 algae 49, 50, 54, 55, 59, 152, 154, 162 algal blooms 48, 59, 154 Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) 43, 48, 50, 59 algal mats 48 Al Gharbia 10, 13, 19, 38, 90, 138, 176. See also Western Region al hadhra 158, 159 allochthonous units 114 alluvial deposits 39, 138 alluvial fans 34, 62 Al-Mas’udi 104 Aloe Vera 62 al sakkar 158, 159 Al Wathba Wetland Reserve 58, 59, 71, 168, 169 Al Yasat Marine Protected Area 126, 152, 156, 162 Ammoperdix heyi intermedius 63 Amphiprion clarkii 52 Anas clypeata 59 Androctonus crassicauda 61 animals 40, 49, 61, 62, 63, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 150, 162, 166, 167, 182 Acrocephalus palustris 55 Acrocephalus stentoreus 59 Acropora coral 52 Adesmia cothurnata omanica 62 ADNOC 77, 78, 79 Aerocephalus stenterous 55 Aetobatus narinari 53 aflaj 39, 40, 88, 91. See also falaj al halaq 158 Al Jabeeb 88 alkalinity 59

B Bab al-Mandeb Strait 84 Bab oil field 73, 76, 77, 175 Bahrain 87 Barbary Falcon 63 Barchanoid Dunes 31, 116, 118 barrier islands 122 Baynunah 66, 82, 138, 172, 173 Baynunah Formation 82, 138, 182 Beetles 60, 62 Dung Beetle 60, 60 elevated stalker beetle 62 Sabre-toothed Beetle 60 Savile Row Beetle 60, 60 Sulphurous Jewel Beetle 62 Urchin Beetle 60 benthic productivity 48 Bida Bint Saud 88

Arabian Camel 60 , 88 Arabian Leopard 63, 63, 166 , 166 Arabian mountain gazelle 166 , 166 Arabian Oryx 60, 71, 166 , 167 , 167 Arabian Tahr 62, 63, 63 , 71

Red-billed Tropicbird 171, 171 Red-necked Phalarope 65 Ruddy Turnstone 65 Saker Falcon 67, 67 Sanderling 65 Sand Partiridge 63 Socotra cormorant 52 , 64, 64 , 126 Sooty Falcons 57, 65, 65 Sooty Gull 64, 166, 166 Swift Tern 65 tagging 64, 66, 67, 69 Western Reef Heron 54 , 56 , 68 Whimbrel 56 White-Cheeked Tern 47 Black-crowned Night Heron 54 Blacktip Reef Shark 52 Black-winged Stilt 58, 58 Blanford’s Fox 62, 62 Blue Jellyfish 50 Blue Swimming Crab 55 Bonelli’s Eagle 63 bottlenose dolphin 50, 51, 51 Boulder Coral Porites 52 Brandts Hedgehog 61 Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife 166 Bridled Tern 65 brine 42, 43, 45, 59, 100 brine shrimp 59 life cycle 59, 59 British Petroleum 76, 103 Bronze Age 40, 86, 87, 179 Bubo ascalaphus desertorum 61 Bu Hasa oil field 175 Bul Syayeef Marine Protected Area 71, 156, 168, 169 Bunduq oil field 175 Bunopus tuberculatus 57 Bu Tinah Island 162 butterfly 57 Blue Spotted Arab 57

E Earthquakes 112 Eastern Corniche 94

Blanford’s Fox 62, 62 Brandts Hedgehog 61 Cape Desert Hare 58, 58 , 61, 61 captive breeding programmes 166, 167, 172 Cheesman’s Gerbil 61 Egyptian Spiny Mouse 63 Red Fox 58, 58 Sand Cat 61, 61 sand gazelle 60, 166 , 167 , 167 Savis Pygmy Shrew 61, 61 Anticlines 74, 174, 175 Aquifer 38, 39, 142, 144, 146 formation 38 Liwa Crescent 38, 148, 149 recharge 38, 142, 146, 148, 149 Aquifer Storage and Recovery 148, 149

Eastern Region 39, 88, 100, 138 Ecological Footprint initiative 34 economic growth 17, 24, 72, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 186, 187 ecosystems 28, 32, 33 46, 48, 55-57, 61, 70, 82, 101, 109 coastal 56, 57, 101 marine 48-55, 101 mountains 32, 33 Oligo-Miocene 26 terrestrial 109 education 92, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103 Egretta gularis schistacea 54, 56 Egyptian Spiny Mouse 63 Egyptian Vulture 63 , 71 Ehrenberg’s Snapper 52, 55 Elevated Stalker Beetle 62 Empty Quarter 34. See also Rub al-Khali Energy 2, 16, 45, 77, 79, 97, 101, 103 alternative sources 45 energy sector 78, 79, 98 Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) 13, 14, 18, 102 Environment, Health and Safety Management System (EHSMS) 102 Eocene epoch 33 Epinephelus coioides 52 , 156, 159 Eremobium aegyptiacum 57 Eretmochelys imbricata 52, 53 , 56, 56 , 70, 126, 162, 163 Estidama 34, 100, 101, 102 Euphrates river 28

bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Sheikh Shakhbut 76, 77 biodiversity 13, 33, 43, 46, 54, 70, 71, 95, 126, 154, 160, 164 conservation 70, 71 management 70 BirdLife International (BLI) 170 birds 24, 54, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 83, 126, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173 Asian Desert Warbler 57 Barbary Falcon 63 Black-crowned Night Heron 54 Black-winged Stilt 58, 58 Bonelli’s Eagle 63 Bridled Tern 65

Aquila fasciatus 63 Arabian Camel 60

Holocene 29, 85 Mesozoic era 74 Miocene epochs 33 Neogene period 75 Oligo-Miocene 26

Arabian Continental Shelf 39 Arabian Desert Gecko 164, 165 Arabian Ground Gecko 57 Arabian Gulf 13, 22, 27, 28, 35, 36, 38, 39,

Palaeozoic era 25 Permian 24, 25, 75 Pleistocene period 32, 136

40, 45, 48, 50, 51, 64, 65, 66, 68, 74, 76, 82, 90, 91, 100, 106, 109, 112, 120, 122, 124, 126, 136, 137, 154, 160, 161, 164, 170

Pliocene period 136 Proterozoic eon 29 Quaternary period 29, 138 timeline 24, 25 geothermal gradient 74, 74 Geothermal Power 103 Gerbillus cheesmani araduus 61 Gerres longirostris 55 , 159 Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) 140 Ghada 61, 61

Crocothemis erythraea 59 crustaceans 48, 54, 163 Curlew Sandpiper 65 cyanobacterial mats 48 Cynomorium coccineum 56 Cyperus arenarius 57 Cyperus conglomeratus 130

algal blooms 48, 59, 154 benthic productivity 48 corals 52 ecosystem 48, 49, 70 evaporation 28 impacts of desalination 43 invasive species 51 salinity 28, 43, 48, 59, 144 temperature 22, 35, 43, 48, 49, 52, 58, 59, 61, 74, 82, 101 Arabian Horned Viper 61 Arabian Oryx 60, 60 , 71, 166 , 167 , 167 Arabian Oryx Protected Area 71, 167 Arabian Peninsula 28, 35, 58, 84, 90, 111, 117, 166, 182 Arabian Plate 24, 25, 26, 74, 75, 111, 112 Arabian Primrose 57, 61 Arabian Sea Snake 53 Arabian Tahr 62, 63, 63 , 71 Arabian Toad-headed Agama 61 archaeological sites 53, 62, 70, 88, 126, 176, 178 Hafit graves 86 Hili 8 86 Hili 15 88 archaeology 86 Ardea cinerea cinerea 54 Arabian Leopard 63, 63, 166 , 166 Arabian mountain gazelle 166 , 166

Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse 57 Clamorous Reed Warbler 55 , 59 Collared Kingfisher 55 Common Greenshank 54 Common Moorhen 58 Common Myna 55 Common Redshank 58 , 65 Common Ringed Plover 65 Common Shelduck 58

Eurasian Plate 24, 26, 111 Eurasian Stone-curlew 57 Euthynnus affinus 161 expatriates 96, 98, 99, 103, 186

D Dalma Island 40, 85, 157, 158, 176, 180 D’Arcy Exploration Company 76 Das Island 77 date palm 85 Dead Sea Transform Fault 111 Decapterus russelli 49 desalination 13, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 95, 100, 101, 148, 149 Aquifer Storage and Recovery 148, 149 environmental impacts 42, 43, 101 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) technology 42 process 42, 42 , 43 production capacity 42, 101, 148, 149 Reverse Osmosis 45, 45 Solar Thermal Desalination 45

Ghaf tree 60, 60 Ghagha Island 64 Ghantoot 32, 186 Ghayathi 38, 186

Crab Plover 54 Crested Lark 57 Curlew Sandpiper 65 Desert Wheatear 57 , 58 Dunlin 65

C calcium carbonate 32, 33, 56, 123 Calidris alba 65 Calidris alpina 65

Ghiyathi 95 Ghubba 40 Ghuweifat 32

F Falaj 40, 88 Falco cherrug 67, 67 Falco concolor 57, 65, 65 falconry 67

Egyptian Vulture 63 , 71 Eurasian Stone-curlew 57 flyways 64 Greater Flamingo 55, 58, 59, 59 , 68, 69, 71, 168 , 168 , 169 , 169 Greater Hoopoe-lark 61, 61 Great Knot 65, 65 Grey Heron 54 Grey Plover 65 habitat 15, 32, 52, 54, 56, 57, 63, Hooded Wheatear 63 Houbara Bustard 60, 60 , 66, 66 , 71, 172 , 172 , 173 , 173 Hume’s Wheatear 63 Kentish Plover 57 , 58, 58 Lesser Crested Tern 51, 56, 65 Lesser Sand Plover 56 , 65 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 106, 126, 131, 150, 166, 167

glacial maximum 28, 31 globalisation 17, 96, 97 Global warming 124 Gnathanodon speciosus 53 , 55 Golden Trevally 53 , 55 grain production 86 Grapsus albolineatus 55 Great Britain 76 Greater Flamingo 55 , 58, 59, 59 , 68, 68 , 69, 69 , 71, 168, 1 68 , 169, 1 69 breeding colony 68, 168, 169 conservation 68, 69, 168 distribution 168 monitoring and tracking 69, 169 Greater Hoopoe-lark 61, 61 Great Knot 65, 65 Great Pearl Bank Barrier 32 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 34, 50, 101 Green Tiger Prawn 55 Grey Heron 54 Grey Plover 65 Gross Domestic Product 98 Ground Spider 61 groundwater levels 36, 38, 39, 40, 140, 146 Groundwater Monitoring Network (AGMN) 140

Calidris ferruginea 65 Calidris minuta 59 , 65 Calidris tenuirostris 65, 65 Calligonum crinitum 61 Camelus dromedarius 60

Falco pelegrinoides 63 Falco peregrinus 67, 67 faults 27, 32, 74, 112 Felis margarita harrisoni 61, 61 FERTIL 77. See ADNOC and Total Fertile Crescent 85 Fish Blacktip Reef Shark 52 Blue Jellyfish 50 Clark’s Anemonefish 52 Ehrenberg’s Snapper 52 , 55 Golden Trevally 53 , 55 Indian scad 49 Indo-Pacific Sailfish 51, 51 ,160, 161

Cape Desert Hare 58, 58 , 61, 61 Carabidae-Scarites guineensis 60 Carangoides bajad 50 Carangoides fulvoguttatus 49 carbon sequestration 45 Carcharhinus melanopterus 52

Desert Campion 60 Desert Hyacinth 56 Desert Monitor 58, 61, 61 Desert Squash 62, 62 Desert Wheatear 57 , 58 Dhafra 62, 167 Dhub Lizard 58, 58 , 60 Diadema setosum 53 Diapirs 120 Dibba 27, 112 diorite 86 Diplacodes lefebvrei 59 Dipterygium glaucum 61

Carmine Darter 59 Cassia italica 62, 62 Catostylus mosaicus 50 caves 63, 90 Cenozoic eras 74 Central Business District (CBD) 96, 101 Centropodia forsskaolii 60 Cerastes gasperettii 61 Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus 57 , 58, 58 Charadrius hiaticula 65 Charadrius mongolus 56 , 65 Cheesman’s Gerbil 61 Chenopodiaceae 56 Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse 57

Arenaria interpres 65 Arnebia decumbens 57 Arnebia hispidissima 61 Artemia franciscana 59 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum 56 , 57 Arzanah Island 32, 164, 171

Islamic geography 104 Islamic Golden Age 104 Islands 126 Abu Dhabi 96, 97, 176 Al Futaisi 126 Arzanah 32, 164, 171 As Sadiyat 126 barrier 122 Bu Tinah 160 Dalma 40, 85, 157, 158, 176, 180

jellyfish 50, 51 kawakawa 161

Little Stint 59 , 65 Marsh Warbler 55 migration 64, 65, 66, 67, 69 Northern Shoveler 59 Osprey 56, 64, 64 Peregrine Falcon 67, 67 Pharaoh Eagle-owl 61 Pied Avocet 58, 58

Asian Desert Warbler 57 Asian Houbara Bustard. See houbara bustard As Sadiyat Island 126 Aurelia aurita 50 autochthonous units 114 Avicennia marina 54, 54

Kingfish 49, 156, 158, 161 Longtail Silver-biddy 55 , 159 Moon Jellyfish 50 Orangespotted Grouper 52 Orangespotted Trevally 50

Diyenah island 64 Dolphin Energy 77 Dolphins 51, 52 Common Bottlenose Dolphin 52 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin 51, 51

Snubnose Emperor 53 Spangled Emperor 52