The Contribution of Space Technologies to Arctic Policy Priorities

Compass/BeiDou-2 Relevance to Arctic Interests

As one of several GNSS, Compass/BeiDou-2 contributes to all policy priorities in the Arctic – environment, economic development, sovereignty and security and indigenous and social development. Compass/BeiDou-2 provides the critical positioning, navigation and timing services that are essential for Arctic operations, including development of resources, movement of people and goods under extreme conditions, voice and data communications, and disaster response.

C.3.2 Planned Navigation Satellite Systems Galileo Facts in Brief

Country: 26 European member states Operations: Spaceopal, company created by DLR (DE) and Telespazio (IT)

Status: 2 In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites were launched in October 2011, 2 more IOV satellites are scheduled for launch in 2012, 18 satellites will be in place by 2015 and the full constellation of 30 satellites will be in orbit by 2020 (27 operational and 3 reserve). Mission Duration: Design life of 5 years Coverage: Global coverage, with at least 6 satellites visible at any time from any place; each satellite circles the Earth in approximately 14 hours Orbit: Medium earth orbit at 23, 222 km altitude Key Service Areas: Positioning (surveying, location based services, etc.); navigation (air, marine, road and rail transportation, personal direction-finding, tracking and surveillance, etc.); and timing (synchronization of telecom and computer networks, power grids, time stamping for banking, legal, and shipping transactions, etc.) Web link: http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html Galileo is the European programme for a global navigation satellite system, providing a highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning service under civilian control. Its modern and efficient infrastructure will enhance Europe’s technological independence, and make it interoperable with GPS and GLONASS. Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and vertical positions measurements with metre-class precision. The use of basic (low-precision) Galileo services will be free and open to everyone. The high-precision capabilities will be available for paying commercial users and for military use. By placing satellites in orbits at a greater inclination to the equatorial plane than GPS, Galileo will achieve better coverage at high latitudes. This will make it particularly suitable for operation over northern Europe, an area not well covered by GPS and GLONASS. Galileo will also provide a global Search and Rescue (SAR) function. To do so, each satellite will be equipped with a transponder, which is able to transfer the distress signals from the user’s transmitter to the Rescue Co-ordination Centre, which will then initiate the rescue operation. At the same time, the system will provide a signal to the user, informing them that their situation has been detected and that help is on the way.

Mission Objectives

System Capabilities

Position and changes in position

Measured Parameters

As one of several GNSS, Galileo will contribute to all policy priorities in the Arctic – environment, economic development, sovereignty and security and indigenous and social development. Galileo provides the critical positioning, navigation and timing services that are essential for Arctic operations, including development of resources, movement of people and goods under extreme conditions, voice and data communications, and disaster response.

Relevance to Arctic Interests

C.4 Earth Observation Satellite Systems Inventory The following pages contain templates of existing and planned earth observation satellite systems. C.4.1 Existing Earth Observation Satellite Systems

Landsat 7 Facts in Brief

Country: United States Operations: United States Geological Survey Status: Launched in April 1999 Mission Duration: Design life of minimum 5 years Coverage: Global coverage, covers the entire globe every 16 days (except for the highest polar latitudes), circles the Earth every 98.9 minutes. Orbit: Sun synchronous polar orbit at 700 km altitude Key Service Areas: Land use planning and monitoring, support of disaster response and evaluations, water use monitoring, and research on climate, carbon cycle, ecosystems, water cycle, biogeochemistry, and Earth surface/ interior. Web link: http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat7.php Using a mirror assembly similar to that of Landsat 5, Landsat 7 was designed to continue providing the global science community with a wealth of land-surface data.

Mission Objectives

89 C. INVENTORY OF SPACE SYSTEMS