The Contribution of Space Technologies to Arctic Policy Priorities

Figure 2: The Policy Areas Addressed by Different Arctic Policies

Pol icy Areas

Economic Development

Indigenous and Social Development

Safety

Envi ronment

Sovereignty

Marine

Transportation

Ai r Transportation Land

Transportation Pol icing

Search and Rescue

Disaster

Management

Pol lution

Cl imate Change

Biodiversi ty

Envi ronmental Protection Resource

Development

Infrastructure

Transportation Efficiency National

Boundaries

Border Protection Defence

Maintaining Presence

Tradi tional

Livel ihoods Heal th

Education

Connectivi ty

Canada

Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands

Finland

Iceland

Norway

Russia Arctic States Non-Arctic States Sweden United States China France Germany

Arctic Pol icies

The European Union

India

Shipping - Royal Arctic Line

Pol icy Areas

Shipping - Tschudi Arctic Transit

Economic Development

Indigenous and Social Development

Safety

Envi ronment

Sovereignty

Fishing - Nordland Havfiske

Mining - Baffinland's Mary River Project

Mining - Norilsk Nickel

Industry Interests

Oil and Gas - Overview

Marine

Transportation

Ai r Transportation Land

Transportation Pol icing

Search and Rescue

Disaster

Management

Pol lution

Cl imate Change

Biodiversi ty

Envi ronmental Protection Resource

Development

Infrastructure

Transportation Efficiency National

Boundaries

Border Protection Defence

Maintaining Presence

Tradi tional

Livel ihoods

Education

Connectivi ty

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic C169 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 - ILO169 Convention on Biological Diversity Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal SOLAS - International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea The MARPOL Convention Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR Convention) Nordic Cooperation on Foreign and Security Policy 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Arctic Pol icies

International Pol icies

prospects of significantly increased shipping through the Arctic due to reduced ice, marine transportation in the Arctic is a policy objective that is given some prominence by the majority of Arctic nations and the European Union. Communications – Crew welfare has been the main driver for installation of broadband satellite communication systems on vessels during the recent years. Current required data rates

can easily be satisfied by GEO systems below 75°N, but this requirement cannot be met about 75°N. New applications will require higher bandwidths. Weather – Marine safety is greatly affected by the ability to predict and understand weather patterns. Specialized weather forecasts may also be necessary for off-shore drilling activities to ensure necessary safety precautions are implemented.

2.SUMMARY

9