The Coastal Ecosystem Mapping and Media Viability Project

F IGURE 1. G RAPHIC TAKEN FROM N ATIONAL B LUE C ARBON D ECISION -M AKER S UMMARY – AGEDI 2015 (N OTE T OTAL PLOT FOR ONE DAYS WORK IS 100 M , SAMPLING 6 X 7 M TEST AREAS OF A BOVE GROUND B IOMASS ) .............................................................................................................................10 F IGURE 2. T OTAL P LANT C ARBON - N OTE : V ERTICAL BARS REPRESENT ONE STANDARD ERROR . T OTAL CARBON POOLS FOUND IN THE MANGROVE TREES ( ABOVEGROUND AND BELOWGROUND , M G / HA ) OF SAMPLED MANGROVES OF THE N ORTHERN AND E ASTERN E MIRATES , UAE. T HE TOTAL CARBON POOLS ARE BROKEN DOWN BY T OTAL ABOVEGROUND CARBON (TAGC) AND TOTAL BELOWGROUND CARBON (TBGC). TAGC – F ROM N ATIONAL B LUE C ARBON D ECISION -M AKER S UMMARY – AGEDI 2015. ................................................................................................................................................14 F IGURE 3. N ORTHERN E MIRATES B LUE C ARBON E XPLORATION P ROJECT F IELDWORK SITES .................................................................................................15 F IGURE 4. L OCATIONS SELECTED FOR THIS PROJECT . .....................................................................................................................................................15 F IGURE 5. T YPE 1 AND T YPE 2 – GCP S HEET ..............................................................................................................................................................17 F IGURE 6. P LACEMENT OF THE GCP S WITHIN A MISSION AREA .......................................................................................................................................18 F IGURE 7. O NSITE PLANNING OF MISSIONS AND GCP S ..................................................................................................................................................20 F IGURE 8. S CREENSHOT OF THE P IX 4D C APTURE APP . ..................................................................................................................................................21 F IGURE 9. A FTER A FEW MISSIONS FLOWN IT WAS REALISED THAT THE GCP S COULD BE FURTHER SPREAD OUT FROM THE FLIGHT MISSION AREA . ..........................21 F IGURE 10. M ISSION PLAN FOR THE N ORTHERN PART OF K HOR K ALBA R AMSAR S ITE IN F UJAIRAH ( THREE MISSIONS SHOWN AND H OME POINT H) ......................22 F IGURE 11. F LYING AT A LOW HEIGHT WILL MEAN IMAGES NEED TO BE TAKEN CLOSER TOGETHER TO ENSURE AN ADEQUATE 3D MODEL SIZE , THIS RESULTS IN A LOSS OF VERTICAL MEASUREMENT ACCURACY ( THE FURTHER THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CAMERAS , THE BETTER THE MEASUREMENT ACCURACY ) FLYING TOO LOW CAN AND ALSO MEAN THAT TALL OBJECTS CANNOT BE MEASURED AS THEY ARE LARGER THAN THE MODEL AREA . C ONVERSELY FLYING TOO HIGH CAN RESULT IN A LOSS OF RESOLUTION , AS OBJECTS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE DETECTED IN THE IMAGES . T HIS CAN DEGRADE THE ACCURACY OF THE 3D MODEL (M ACMILLAN - L AWLER 2015)...........................................................................................................................................................................................23 F IGURE 12. P IX 4D SOFTWARE MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION ( GREEN AND BLUE DOTS ) AT WHICH EACH UPLOADED IMAGE WAS TAKEN IN OUR STUDY AREA AFTER CREATING NEW PROJECT . T HE BLUE AND RED CROSSES DEPICT THE LOCATION OF GROUND CONTROL POINTS (GSP S ) WHICH ARE USED TO GEOREFERENCE THE IMAGES . ....................................................................................................................................................................................................25 F IGURE 13. R OUGH 3D MODEL CREATED THROUGH THE I NITIAL P ROCESSING STEP . B RIGHTER AREAS IN THE CENTER OF THE IMAGE HAVE A HIGHER POINT DENSITY AND SHOW LOCATION WITH A HIGHER IMAGE OVERLAP . .....................................................................................................................................26 F IGURE 14. I MAGE OF THE GCP/M ANUAL T IE P OINT M ANAGER CONTROL WINDOW IN P IX 4D. T HIS WINDOW IS USED TO RECREATE THE GCP S IN THE P IX 4D VIRTUAL SPACE USING THE GPS MEASUREMENTS . T HE GPS MEASUREMENTS CAN BE ENTERED MANUALLY OR IMPORTED DIRECTLY IN THE T IE P OINT T ABLE . ................................................................................................................................................................................................................27 F IGURE 15. T HIS FIGURE DEPICTS HOW THE LOCATION OF GCP S AS COMPUTED FROM THE DRONE IMAGES AND FROM THE GPS MEASUREMENTS DIFFER . T HE GPS MEASUREMENTS ARE MORE PRECISE , AND THEREFORE THESE ARE USED TO GEOREFERENCE THE DRONE IMAGES IN VIRTUAL SPACE ...................................27 F IGURE 16. T HE B ASIC E DITOR TOOL USED TO TAG EACH GPS POINT BACK TO THE GCP S ON IMAGES TAKEN BY THE DRONE . A T LEAST 3 GCP S NEED TO BE TAGGED TO GEOREFERENCE AN IMAGE . T HE GCP S SHOULD BE PLACED IN THE CORNERS AND CENTRE OF THE STUDY AREA FOR THE BEST GEOREFERENCING RESULTS . .....28 F IGURE 17. 3D IMAGE OF THE STUDY AREA WITH GROUND CONTROL POINTS REPRESENTED IN BLUE . T HESE POINTS WERE USED TO GEOREFERENCED THE 3D MODEL IN SPACE TO ITS ACCURATE X , Y , AND Z POSITION ...................................................................................................................................................29 F IGURE 18. D ENSIFIED POINT CLOUD OUTPUT FROM THE P OINT C LOUD M ESH TOOL . D ARK AREAS SHOW LOWER POINT DENSITY BECAUSE OF LOW IMAGE OVERLAP IN THAT SECTION OF OUR STUDY AREA . ...............................................................................................................................................................30 F IGURE 19. 5 CM RESOLUTION 4- BANDS ( RED , GREEN , BLUE , AND GRAYSCALE ) ORTHOMOSAIC IMAGE OUTPUT CREATED FROM THE DRONE IMAGES IN P IX 4D. ........31 F IGURE 20. 5 CM RESOLUTION 1- BAND ( ELEVATION ) D IGITAL S URFACE M ODEL (DSM) OUTPUT CREATED FROM THE DRONE IMAGES AND THE 3D POINT CLOUD IN P IX 4D.......................................................................................................................................................................................................31 F IGURE 21. N EW V OLUME SHAPE AROUND A TREE FEATURE IN THE P IX 4D RAY C LOUD EDITOR TO INITIATE VOLUME CALCULATIONS . ..........................................32 F IGURE 22. V OLUME OUTPUT CALCULATIONS FROM P IX 4D OF THE SELECTED TREE FEATURE . V OLUME VALUES ARE GIVEN IN THE P ROPERTIES TABLE ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE . T HIS PARTICULAR MANGROVE TREE HAS A TOTAL VOLUME OF 65.53 M 3 AS COMPUTED BY P IX 4D. ............................................................33 F IGURE 23. M ODIFIED ORTHOMOSAIC IMAGE OF THE STUDY AREA TO ENHANCE MANGROVE TREES IN THE IMAGE BY INCREASING BRIGHTNESS AND SATURATION VALUES . ....................................................................................................................................................................................................34 F IGURE 24. R ASTER DATASET OUTPUT FROM THE ISO C LUSTER U NSUPERVISED C LASSIFICATION TOOL . E ACH PIXEL CLUSTER IN THE IMAGE HAS A VALUE BETWEEN 1 AND 8 DEPENDING UPON THE CLASS IT BELONGS TO ...........................................................................................................................................35 F IGURE 25. P OLYGON SHAPEFILE OF MANGROVE TREE FEATURES DERIVED FROM THE ISO CLASSIFICATION OUTPUT AFTER A RECLASSIFICATION OF THE RASTER DATASET . T O CLEAN THE DATA , THE AREA OF EACH FEATURE IS CALCULATED AND SMALL POLYGONS THAT ARE NON - TREE FEATURES SUCH AS SHRUBS ARE SELECTED AND DELETED IN THE EDITOR MENU ...................................................................................................................................................36 F IGURE 11. F IGURE 26. E XPLANATION FIGURE TO DIFFERENTIATE THE D IGITAL S URFACE M ODEL (DSM) THAT SHOWS CHANGE IN ELEVATION / PIXEL INCLUDING FEATURES SUCH AS TREES FROM THE D IGITAL T ERRAIN M ODEL (DTM) THAT SHOWS CHANGE IN ELEVATION / PIXEL AT THE GROUND LEVEL , EXCLUDING ABOVE GROUND FEATURES ......................................................................................................................................................................................36 F IGURE 27. DSM R ASTER DATASET WITH N O D ATA ( WHITE ) VALUES FOR WHERE TREES WERE ORIGINALLY LOCATED . T HE E XTRACT BY M ASK TOOL WAS USED TO CREATE THIS OUTPUT . ..................................................................................................................................................................................37 F IGURE 28. P OINTS CREATED AROUND THE MANGROVE TREE FEATURES FROM THE TREE POLYGON SHAPEFILE . U SING THE Z ONAL S TATISTICS TOOL , WE ASSIGN ELEVATION VALUES FROM THE DSM TO EACH POINT ..........................................................................................................................................38 F IGURE 29. TIN OUTPUT CREATED USING THE C REATE T IN TOOL IN A RC GIS THAT EXTRAPOLATES THE ELEVATION VALUES FROM THE POINTS CREATED IN FIGURE 18 ACROSS SPACE . ...........................................................................................................................................................................................39 F IGURE 30. F ULL D IGITAL T ERRAIN M ODEL (DTM) CREATED USING THE M OSAIC TO N EW R ASTER TOOL , COMBINING THE DSM WITH N O D ATA VALUES FOR WHERE TREES WERE LOCATED WITH THE TIN RASTER .....................................................................................................................................................40 F IGURE 31. R ASTER DATASET WITH PIXELS HAVING EITHER TREE HEIGHT VALUES OR 0 ( GREY ) IF THEY DO NOT OVERLAP WITH TREE FEATURES ; OUTPUT FROM THE DSM - DTM CALCULATIONS USING R ASTER C ALCULATOR . .................................................................................................................................41

The Coastal Ecosystem Mapping and Media Viability Project

Page 4 of 44