State of the Environment Reporting on the Internet

State of the Environment Reporting on the Internet

cookbook

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your kitchen

introduction

shopping and cooking

data and contents

sauces and dressings

carto-graphics

serving the meal

going on-line

dessert

appendices

Foreword

At the Rio Conference in 1992 one would have needed a truck to carry the state of the environment information presented there back home. Today, information is more compact and easier to disseminate through the use of electronic media, such as the Internet and CD-ROM. In addition, efforts have been undertaken to standard- ise, streamline and popularise this infor- mation.

UNEP, in cooperation with other interna- tional organisations - such as the EEA and PHARE - have taken a lead in strengthen- ing the existing nat ional and regional environmental information networks in Central and Eastern Europe and the NIS to make environmental information more widely accessible to policy-makers, plan- ners and the general public. Results of these activities are presented on the en- closed compact disc 'State of the Envi- ronment Reports Sampler', which features a 'Cookbook for State of the Environment Reporting on the Internet' - straight-for- ward guidelines on how to make your own State-of-the-Environment report. This compact disc documents the progress made in environmental information man- agement over the past six years. It pro- vides a sample of the most current pro- ducts available and highlights clear ex- amples of well structured, cross-sector, and easily accesible environmental informa- tion. The challenge remains to put this information into action.

Acknowledgements

Innumerous individuals and organisations all over the world have contributed to the compilation of this CD-ROM. My particular thanks go to all countries, who contributed their SoE to this CD, and to the GRID-Arendal team - alphabetically: Aake Bjørke, Emma- nuelle Bournay, Lorant Czaran, Nickolai Denisov, Claudia Heberlein, David Henry, Lawrence Hislop, Roy Jørgensen, Inge Knudsen, Sindre Langaas, Philippe Reka- cewicz, Petter Sevaldsen and Morten Sørensen - for their tireless efforts in put- ting the final product together.

Arendal, June 5, 1998

Otto Simonett Global Programme Manager UNEP/GRID-Arendal

State of the Environment Reporting on the Internet

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introduction

Why SoE on the Internet? Partners and players The team Resources and planning

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Cookbook for SoE Reporting

Why SoE on the Internet?

Questions to ask (after UNEP/DEIA 1996)

Xi SoE refers to state of the environment or, in this book, a report about the state of the environment in a particular region. It is intended that thetXiaudience of these reports applies information contained within them for decision making purposes, ranging from vot- ing choices to setting policies. The impetus for SoE reporting is partially due to the adoption of Agenda 21 at the 1992 UNCED conference in Rio. Chapter 40 of Agenda 21 specifically calls for improved environ- mental information for decision-making. XiThe Internet is a fast growing, efficient and inex- pensive tool for spreading information world-wide. It is already widely used in Europe and North America, and is becoming more and more available in other regions. As a result, it is increasingly common to pub- lish otherwise difficult to access SoE information on the Internet. Besides reaching a wide audience, Internet publishing can improve the overall cost-effi- ciency of SoE reporting, and will make updating infor- mation in the report much easier.

What is happening? Why is it happening? Are changes significant? What is being (can be) done?

SoE report audience

Government Parliament and politicians Public and press Schools and universities Industry and business

Growth of the Internet

Millions

600 800 1 000

Internet Traffic

0 400 200 1991 92 93 94 95

96 97

Partners and players

Millions

6 8 10

WWW Traffic

To make your report broadly accepted and to ensure its quality, start your SoE with developing a partner- ship with key users and holders of environmental infor- mation. A network of partners iXtcan help formulate

0 4 2 1991 92 93 94 95

Web sites

96 97

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indicates more information where the arrow is pointing

Important players (national level)

user needs, provide data, and ensure feedback and quality control. Identify key players and establish a consultation mechanism best suited for your situa- tion, e.g. setting regular meetings, review rounds, or a permanent advisory group. For official SoE publica- tion, support from government authorities is impor- tant. Your SoE team, whether an independent group or a network secretariat, will be responsible for the every- day management, final compilation and routine edit- ing of the report. Although some tasks can be sub- contracted, your team should have qualifications in areas such as environmental analysis, data process- ing, journalism, cartography, graphic design, and de- sign for the Internet. Knowledge of foreign languages may be an asset, too. The team

Environment Agency Bureau of Statistics Sectoral Ministries Mapping Authority Geological Survey Forestry Service Universities Public groups, NGOs Private sector

Milestones in SoE reporting

1970s 1985 1992 1993 1995 1996

USA, Japan, OECD Pacific-Asia - ESCAP UNCED, Agenda 21 Nordic indicator report European - EEA’s Dobris The Internet - Australia (NSW), Canada, Norway UNEP’s GEO-1

Resources and Planning

1997

From the beginning, think about SoE preparation in project management terms. Proper planning of tasks and allocation of resources is critical to the success of the report (XXip.6).

Note: See links to selected SoEs on pp. 28-29

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Critical resources

Hardware

Software

External expertise

Task

. . .

. . .

Data collection Data preparation Writing and editing Graphical design HTML programming CD-ROM

. . . .

Human resources are the most expensive and critical ones. Carefully plan the allocation of your staff time following a project plan.

Generic SoE project plan

Plan/table of contents Terms of reference Start-up meeting

Data collection Data processing

Writing and editing Intermediate review Graphical production HTML programming Final review CD-ROM Launch of the SoE Evaluation and updating

The overall project duration may vary from months to years, depending upon the scope of the report

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Cookbook for SoE Reporting

State of the Environment Reporting on the Internet

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introduction

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data and contents

What’s in a SoE? Structuring the contents Assembling the contents

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carto-graphics

serving the meal

going on-line

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appendices

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Cookbook for SoE Reporting

What’s in an SoE?

Commonly present issues

Media and resources Air quality Climate change Fish resources Forest resources Nature and biodiversity Ozone layer Soil and land resources Waste Water resources Cross-cutting concerns Acidification Hazards and accidents Health Noise Radiation Toxic substances Spatial systems Coastal and marine areas Urban settlements

While preparing an SoE report, it is important to re- member some guiding principles:

The contents of an SoE should depend upon your readers’ interests, in other words upon environmen- tal priorities in your society; It will also depend to a certain extent on available data , but should ideally be driven by national pri- orities. Either way, the SoE can help identify gaps and (re)structure monitoring; Beside your national priorities, it is important to compare your SoE si tuat ion wi th that of your neighbouring countries. Whenever possible, the SoE structure and contents should be harmonised with international practices; Make your SoE user-friendly , concise and under- standable. Formulate and present conclusions that non-specialists will find easy to grasp; Ensure that environmental professionals looking for additional details and raw data will be able to find them. This is done by creating lists of links, sources and contact information.

Examples of economic indicators

GDP/GNP Dow-Jones Index unemployment rate investment security rating

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Structuring the contents

Commonly described economic sectors,

Use the common environmentaltXi issues present in most reports as a starting point to decide which chap- ters to include in your SoE, but adjust the final selec- tion to your priorities and data. In addition to environmental issues, include chapters describing the development of main economic sec- tors iXtinfluencing the environmental situation in your country, and chapters about the use of environmental management instruments iX. After you have made the list of chapters, think about elements you will include in each chapter. You will need hard facts to illustrate your statements. The use of indicators - representative, concise and easy-to- interpret parameters - is common intXieconomics for this purpose, and is widespread in SoE reporting as wel l. Indicators can represent an issue in a broad sense (e.g. the level of heavy metals in soil indicates not only metal contamination but a situation with toxic pollution in general). Indicators can also aggregate separate pieces of information (e.g. water quality in- dex or greenhouse gas emission index).

Agriculture Energy

production, land use... production, structure... catch, aquaculture... felling,management... consumption... production, eco-industry excavation, trade... growth, consumption... fleet, traffic, density...

Fisheries Forestry Households Industry

Mining Tourism Transportation

other drivers,

Economy Population

GDP, structure... growth rate, structure...

and instruments

Technology Conservation Finance Information Law, policies Institutions Participation

pollutionabatement... protected areas... expenditures, taxes... monitoring, reporting... legislation, plans... ministries, councils... NGOs, attitudes...

Note: See also examples on p.12 and in literature cited on p.30

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DPSIR indicator framework (examples in brackets) Driving forces of environmental change (industrial production) Pressures on the environment (waste water loading)

A good indicator

is relevant to an issue, can be expressed as ‘below’ or ‘above’ a target, is comparable internationally, is based on available or cost-efficient data, is easy to communicate and understand. Remember that indicators are not only numbers or time-series, they can also be “yes” / “no” statements (ratification of a convention), maps, diagrams (struc- ture of a Ministry) or text (list of laws). You may select indicators for your SoE from existing Xilists or suggest new ones. Arrange indicators that you choose for each chapter in tables following a Xi DPSIR type framework, and try to achieve a bal- ance between various types of indicators (examples XXip.12). Some indicators may be used for more than one issue (XXip.24). After you have completed the table of contents, use your partners’ network and technical literature to col- lect data for your indicators. Catalogues, meta-data- bases and the Internet are useful tools for learning about what data sets exist, and for getting access to them. For each indicator, maintain a paper or elec- tronic fact-sheet with the description of data sourceiX, Assembling the contents

State of the environment ( water quality in rivers and lakes) Impacts on population, economy, ecosystems (% of water unsuitable for drinking) Response of the society (protected watersheds)

DPSIR concept

D P S I

R

Some international indicator lists

EU (DPSIR) OECD (PSR) UNCSD (DSR) World Bank (DSR)

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Data for DPSIR indicators

quality and scope, other reference information, ac- tual and reference indicator valuesiX, and its graphi- cal draft. Indicator methodology sheets developed by various organisations can be helpful for data processing . Use common denominatorsiXtto construct ratios for D and P indicators (emissions per capita) and to express S/I and R indicators (population served by wastewater treatment). Use GIS and statistical software to draft maps, diagrams, time-series, and forecasts. With the help of your team and experts compile SoE chapters that will later make up WWW pages (XXip.24), each chapter normally containing: a condensed and clear overview of the issue (good / bad, better / worse, why), possibly with a qualita- tive assessment using colours or symbolsiX; sections on D,P,S,I,R with explanatory text and facts - indicators, case-studies, photos, links to pages where single indicators are described in detail; links to other related chapters of your SoE and to background and reference information. After necessary reviews and quality checks, your SoE is ready for graphical design and conversion to the InternetiXX.

D/P

S/ I . .

R

statistics monitoring policies

.

.

Reference values

(inter)national targets scientific tresholds historical values (inter)national averages

Common denominators

GDP, production population area, time stock of resource or product

Visual qualitative assessment positive development neutral / mixed negative development

J K L

Applied by Nordic Council 97, EEA 98

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OECD indicators of acidification (OECD 1994) Pressure State

Response

exceedance of critical loads of pH in water and soil concentrations in acid precipitation

index of acidifying substances emissions of NOx and SOx

% of car fleet equipped with catalytic converters capacity of NOx and SOx abatement equipment of stationary sources

UNCSD indicators of combating deforestation (UNCSD 1996)

State

Driving Forces

Response

forest area change

wood harvesting intensity

managed forest area ratio protected forest areas as a percent of total forest area

Indicators related to Swiss army activities (SFSO and SAEFL 1997)

metals in soils in target zones

management of shooting ranges upgrade of planes and vehicles substituting halogenated solvents waste disposal facilities bog protection inventory of contaminated sites legislation and regulations Environmental Office mandate

army land use structure

Note: See other examples of indicator frameworks in the literature cited on p.30.

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Cookbook for SoE Reporting

State of the Environment Reporting on the Internet

cookbook

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your kitchen

introduction

shopping and cooking

data and contents

sauces and dressings

carto-graphics

The power of the image Dressing the data

Implementing time saving techniques Choosing the right type of graphic

3 *

serving the meal

going on-line

dessert

appendices

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Cookbook for SoE Reporting

The power of the image

Types of visual representation

When viewing a web site, a user’s attention will im- mediately be drawn to any graphical elements present rather than to text elements. For many years, editors and publishers have understood the power of graphi- cal production and have devoted considerable re- sources to carefully crafting high quality, effective images which capture the attention of readers. Pleas- ant to the eye, and simply conceived, an image should significantly help users to rapidly absorb basic infor- mation. A well designed graphic will not only con- vince the user of the quality of information being pre- sented, but will also entice them to investigate the web site in more detail. The success of graphical pro- duction will depend on one’s ability to follow some basic rules of graphical semiology, and to rely on a consistent presentation meth- odology. UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN ÉTAT TCHÈQUE SLOVAQUIE POLOGNE Dniepropetrovsk Kiev Kharkov Donetsk Astrakhan Rostov Volgograd MER D'ARAL TENGUIZ KARAZHANBAS Lissitchansk Krementchoug V ol ga

Maps locational mono- or polythematic

Charts pie charts bars/columns lines

Diagrams

A visual display is

a combination of points lines areas

dressed with elements such as identification labels title legend, units scale inset location map

MOLDAVIE

Composite image

OUZBÉKISTAN

Komsomolsk

DOUNGA

Tikhoretsk

Kherson

HONGRIE

MER D'AZOV

Chisinau

Aktau

Odessa

Stavropol

ROUMANIE

Krasnodar

Crimée

CROATIE

Novorossiisk

Makhatchkala

R U S S I E

KARA- BOGAZ

MER CASPIENNE

Groznyi

Transport par navires- citernes

TURKMÉNISTAN

BOSNIE- HERZÉGOVINE

SERBIE

MER NOIRE

Krasnovodsk

Bucarest

GÉORGIE

Tbilissi

Batoumi (Soupsa)

Bakou

YOUGOSLAVIE

BULGARIE

Sofia

Bourgas

MONTÉNÉGRO

AZERBAÏDJAN

ARMÉNIE

Skopje

Tirana

Détroit du Bosphore

Erevan

MER ADRIATIQUE

Projet d'oléoduc sous-marin

Trabzon

Samsoun

MACÉDOINE

Istanbul

Alexandroupolis

Erzurum

Izmit

ALBANIE

ITALIE

Ankara

Avlonia

Détroit des Dardanelles

Kirikkale

MER

TURQUIE

Tabriz

GRÈCE

ÉGÉE

Midyat

Téhéran

Athènes

Izmir

Xi Dressing the data

IRAN

Ceyhan

MER IONIENNE

Yumurtalik

Mersin

Ispahan

Kirkouk

Baiji

SYRIE

Banyas

CHYPRE

Bagdad

Tripoli

MER MÉDITERRANÉE

Homs

Bassorah

500 km

0

Abadan

IRAK

LIBAN

© Philippe Rekacewicz, Paris, 1996.

Les futurs oléoducs et leurs variantes : projets proposés par...

Projet de construction du gazoduc entre les gisements du Turkménistan et l'Europe occidentale

Principaux champs pétrolifères

Principaux oléoducs existants

Raffineries

la Russie

la Turquie

Legend, Scale and Title Separation

Once data are collected and analysed, they are sent to a cartographic designer for fur- ther processing and refine- ment . This step involves trans- forming the data into a clear and efficient visual represen- tat ioniX. Ideal ly, the f igures

MER

KAZAKHSTAN

Volgograd

Pipline’s projects through Caucasus

V

ol

ga

TENGUIZ

Dniepropetrovsk

Astrakhan

Donetsk

Rostov

KARAZHANBAS

MOLDAVIE

OUZBÉKISTAN

Komsomolsk

DOUNGA

Tikhoretsk

Kherson

HONGRIE

MER

Chisinau

Aktau

Odessa

Stavropol

ROUMANIE

Krasnodar

Crimée

CROATIE

Novorossiisk

Makhatchkala

R U S S I E

KARA-

MER CASPIENNE

Groznyi

BOGAZ

TURKMÉNISTAN

BOSNIE- HERZÉGOVINE

SERBIE

MER NOIRE

Krasnovodsk

Bucarest

GÉORGIE

Tbilissi

Batoumi

Bakou

YOUGOSLAVIE

(Soupsa)

BULGARIE

Sofia

Bourgas

MONTÉNÉGRO

AZERBAÏDJAN

ARMÉNIE

Skopje

Tirana

Détroit du

Erevan

MER ADRIATIQUE

Trabzon Erzurum

Samsoun

Bosphore

MACÉDOINE

Istanbul

Alexandroupolis

Izmit

ALBANIE ITALIE

Ankara

Avlonia

Détroit des

Kirikkale

MER ÉGÉE

TURQUIE

Dardanelles

GRÈCE

Tabriz

Midyat

Téhéran

Athènes

Izmir

IRAN

Ceyhan

MER IONIENNE

Yumurtalik

Mersin

Ispahan

Kirkouk

Baiji

SYRIE

Banyas

CHYPRE

Bagdad

Tripoli

Homs

MER

Bassorah

500km

0

Abadan

IRAK

LIBAN

©PhilippeRekacewicz, Paris, 1996.

Les futurs oléoducs et leurs variantes : projets proposés par...

Projet de construction du gazoduc entre les gisements du Turkménistan et l'Europe occidentale

Principaux champs pétrolifères

Principaux oléoducs existants

Raffineries

la Russie

la Turquie

Point symbols

Lines

Areas Background

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A multidisciplinary approach

should give an immediate messagetWtto the users, with no more than two or three items being presented.

Ethics do not manipulate data represent data as close as possible to reality

900

Population (in thousands)

Cities

800

Agglomerations

Centers

Quantitative

8 717 2 197 6 972 3 030 618 - 1 615 1 308 - 3 472 709 1 051 2 655 2 635 573 1 021 609 419 2 109 964 1 706

10 300 9 513 8 017 4 719 4 669 4 500 3 977 3 850 3 552 3 472 3 074 2 973 2 965 2 809 2 503 2 330 2 324 2 299 2 288 2 220 2 151 2 090 2 017 1 875 1 853 1 814 1 766 1 655 1 530 1 425 1 405 1 395 1 384 1 380 1 364 1 353 1 353 1 307 1 305 1 263 1 262 1 226 1 225 1 195 1 175 1 128 1 094 1 065 1 065 1 059

Moscow Paris

700

London Madrid Essen St-Petersburg Barcelona Milano Katowice Berlin Athens Napoli Roma Kyiv Düsseldorf Birmimgham Lisboa Manchester Tashkent

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Köln/Bonn Hambourg Bucharest Budapest Brussels Baku Vienna Minsk Münich

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

- - 134

1 080 1 542 1 673 1 245

460 924 - 652 -

Leeds Torino

Belgrade Frankfurt Sofia Rotterdam Valencia Copenhagen Tbilisi Lille Yerevan Lyon Almaty Marseille Praha Porto Stuttgart Amsterdam Stockholm Antwerpen Sevilla Helsinki

Science analysis, methodology

599 763 471 1 242 171 1 226 411 1 151 759 -

Qualitative

292 589 724 711 461 720 -

the river order should be the same in all three, as per the spreadsheet. the rivers are grouped as per their drainage basin. can you show this in the figure somehow as per ... * Gaula, Orkla, Rana, Vefsa = NORWEGIAN SEA * Alta, Tana, Pasvik = BARENTS SEA * Onega, North Dvina, Mezen, Pechora = BARENTS * Ob, Yenisy, Pyasina = KARA SEA * Khatanga, Anabar, Olenjok, Lena, Yana = LAPTEV SEA * Indigirka, Kolyma = EAST SIBERIAN SEA * Anadyr, Yukon = BERING SEA * Mackenzie = BEAUFORT SEA * Coppermine, Back, Hayes = ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO * Churchill, Nelson, Moose, Nottaway, La Grande, Koksoak = HUDSON BAY/ HUDSON STRAIT

Technology hardware and special (design) software needed Esthetics design, style, elegance, balance

Data

Filter Cartographer’s sensibility

Before you begin, ask yourself...

Final image

140 TWh

Sweden

Board of Directors

Norwegian Sea

Sun

Barents Sea

Norway

120

R

Director

What is my intention? What do I want to show?

L cloud

S

100

Norway

Administration : Personnel Accounting Public Relation

Murmansk

Nikel

T

P

T

Finland

P

80

L cloud

R

Denmark

L air

L ice

Monchegorsk

Sweden

60

R

Fs Fs

R

Eastern Europe and developing countries Programme

Nordic and Polar Programme

SO 2 airconcentration (µg/m 3 )

UNEPnet

40

10 20 40 60

Fc

I

Ice

Ice

Why do I choose these data? What level of detail do I want to reach? What representation am I going to choose ? What style am I going to create? How will I draft a figure? How will I produce a figure?

I

White Sea

2 4 6

Finland

20

Iceland

Russia

Database and WorldWideWeb

Nordic-Baltic (Stockholmoffice)

Internet Operation

Network development expansion

Ocean

Norway

Polar

ENRIN CGIAR Telecomm Mercure

Gulf of Bothnia

0

Chart

Map

Organogram

Diagram

Implement time saving techniques

Continuous and efficient updating of your SoE can be facilitated by the tools of graphical production. To take advantage of this system it is important to consider the

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Construction of a graph using template layers

project on a long time scale, so that production rou- tines can be implemented from the beginning.

Typography

Create templates and libraries that can easily be assembled and stored on a computer, so that they can later be used for multiple purposes. At the beginning of the production process, time is spent creating the necessary elements to produce graphics (e.g.: base maps used as backgrounds, color scale, symbols, ty- pography, etc). These elements should then be logi- cally stored in libraries and astXitemplates so they can be easily retrieved for future projects. Using elements which already exist rather than re- creating new components again and again will save time and allow for consistency in visual presentation. Throughout the production process the library will con- tinuously expand, and eventually graphical produc- tion will simply consist of assembling various elements into a final figure. Xi The layer structure of design offered by most draw- ing software on the market allows user-friendly tem- plates. For example, a template used to create bar graphs should contain at least 5 layers (grid, x and y axes, typography, columns, remaining elements from the template).

Million

0 10 20 30 40 50

A B C D E

x and y axes

Columns

Unused elements of the templates

60 70 80

Grid

The file structure on the hard disk must also be organised in a logical and efficient way, so that it is

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Final step...

easy to find specific files which may otherwise be bur- ied among hundreds or thousands of others.

Review, quality check Spelling Conformity between raw data and a final figure Consistency between legend and image Deliver the figures on the web Save files as jpeg, gif,

Choose the right type of graphic

A persuasive message may be delivered to an audi- ence in a variety of ways by choosing the right type of visual representation. An appropriate mapping, graph- ing or charting methodology can be used to accom- plish this goal. For example, in the cases belowtW, you’ll find different solutions for graphic representa- tion of information. (1) Trends over time: lines; (2) Proportions of various features: pies or bar charts; (3) Comparisons: bar charts; (4) Maps with values: proportional circles or squares; (5) Maps showing percentages: shaded areas.

or downloadable high resolution format (i.e. postscript)

Recommended software

Mapping and graphing Freehand™ (Macromedia)

Illustrator™ (Adobe) Corel draw™ (Corel)

(1)

(2)

Coastalsources

0 20 40 60 80 100 %

Megawatts

deposition

2 500

Desktop publishing X-press™ (Quark) Pagemaker™ (Adobe) Image processing Photoshop™ (Adobe) Paintshop Pro™ (Jasc) Photopaint™ (Corel)

500 1 000 1 500 2 000 3 000 4 000

2 000

5%

25%

North America

1 500

70%

1 000

Europe

Rivers

500

40

Asia

0

1980

1981

1983 1985 1987 1989

1991

1993 1995

16 TWh

(3)

(4)

(5)

14

Bering Sea input

64

12

0.18

47.45

Ice Out

10

73

Output though Archipelago

273

21

4

8

97

47

Pourcentages of dumping sites

6

54

Norwegian Current Barents Sea Current West Spitzbergen Current

0 0-25

4

Ý HCH Tonnes/y 250

25-50 50-75 75-100

2

100 40 10

Input

0

Loss via hydrolysis and biodegradation 61 sedimentation <1

Output

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Examples: Simplify information, reduce the number of categories

Trends in Number of Passenger Cars Nordic and Baltic countries

Trends in Number of Passenger Cars Nordic and Baltic countries

Index : 1990 = 100

Index : 1990 = 100

180

Denmark Norway Iceland Finland Germany Lithuania Latvia Estonia Poland

100 120 140 160 180

160

140

120

100

0 20 40 60 80

80

60

40

1980

1985

1990

1996 1995

20

Nordic countries Baltic countries

0

1980

1985

1990

1996 1995

100 75 50 25 10

7 5 2 1

low risk

medium risk

high risk

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cookbook

0 1 2 3

your kitchen

introduction

shopping and cooking

data and contents

sauces and dressings

carto-graphics

serving the meal

going on-line

Learning about the medium Visualising the site Building the site Promoting the site

*

dessert

appendices

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Cookbook for SoE Reporting

Learning about the medium

Client computer

Xi The Internet is a globally distributed client/server network of computers. Any one of these computers can communicate with any other. Information stored on a server computer (machines containing web sites) may be accessed by client computers. The World Wide Web is a seamless world in which all information, from any source (client / server), can be accessed in a consistent and simple way. It uses a concept called hypertext to link documents together.

Host computer

Signal is sent over the Internet in HTTP language to the server where requested information is stored

CLIENT User types in URL or clicks on a link in a browser

SERVER Where created HTML documents and data are stored

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

Client’s modem

HTML document and data passed back to client

Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) is the language of web files. The basis for HTML is plain text files, since these can be read on all computer platforms. In HTML, the text contains tags - commands enclosed in angled brackets < > which tell the browser how to display the document, e.g.