Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa

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Foreword	5
Acknowledgements	6
1 OVERVIEW	9
1.1 Introduction	10
1.2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa	18
1.3 Development Goals for the Water Sector	24
1.4 Galvanising for Action	30
1.5 Sustainable Sanitation and Wastewater Management	32
1.6 Conclusion	35
2 WASTEWATER STREAMS	37
2.1 Introduction	38
2.2 Municipal Wastewater and Faecal Sludge	39
2.3 Industrial Wastewater Management	50
2.4 Hospital Wastewater Management	55
2.5 Agricultural Wastewater	56
2.6 Storm water Run-of	60
2.7 Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene	61
2.8 Emergency Sanitation	63
2.9 Conclusion	65
3 ECOSYSTEMS	67
3.1 Introduction	68
3.2 The Concept of Ecosystems Health	70
3.3 Ecosystem Services	71
3.4 Untreated Wastewater and Ecosystem Health	72
3.5 Contamination/Degradation of Ecosystems	74
3.6 Contaminants of Emerging Concern	84
3.7 Efforts at Reducing Ecosystem Health Risk Through Wastewater Treatment	85
3.8 Ecosystem Health Risk Reduction and SDG 6	86
3.9 Conclusion	89
4 HUMAN HEALTH	91
4.1 Introduction	92
4.2 Toilet barrier: A clean functioning toilet	93
4.3 Safe water barrier: Clean water to drink and cook with	95
4.4 Hygiene Barrier: Water for Washing and Cleaning	96
4.5 The wastewater barrier	97
4.6 Disease related to WASH	98
4.7 Conclusion: Stopping the Spread of Disease	105
5 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS	107
5.1 Introduction	108
5.2 Continental Policy and Institutional Responses	109
5.3 National Initiatives	111
5.4 Sanitation Governance	116
5.5 Conclusions and recommendations	125
6 CIRCULAR ECONOMY	127
6.1 Introduction	128
6.2 Driving Factors for the Application of the Circular Economy Approach in Wastewater Management	130
6.3 Circular Economy Approaches in Wastewater Management	132
6.4 Constraints to the application of a circular economy approach in wastewater management in Africa	144
6.5 Conclusion	145
7 COUNTRY PROFILES	147
7.1 Introduction	149
Notes	260
References	261
Acronyms and abbreviations	275
Contributors	276
Appendix 1. Wastewater streams	278
Appendix 2. Impacts, risks and lessons from implementation of Circular Economy Approaches (CEA)	279

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