Reindeer Husbandry and Barents 2030

mented through a series of court trials, including from the Norwegian supreme court.

Additionally to direct loss of land, physical condition of individuals and hence reproduction and survival may also be affected through increased social and nutritional stress and direct disturbance from traffic, though such effects generally are less severe than the avoidance effects including reduced access and low- ered carrying capacity (Calef et al . 1976; Whitten and Cameron 1983; Harrington and Veitch 1992; Brad- shaw et al . 1997; 1998; Maier et al . 1998; Wolfe et al . 2000). As shown for a range of wildlife on numerous continents (UNEP 2001; Nellemann et al . 2003), rein- deer and caribou may thus be observed occasionally close to infrastructure, but most regional studies find that the majority of Rangifer reduce their use of areas within 5 km of development by 50–95%. This means that mitigation measures must include regulation of human traffic and development, as well as ensuring the protection of large areas, in order for reindeer and caribou to continue to coexist with people. This is particularly important in a changing world where also climate change and other factors may influence their pastures. By reducing Rangifer pastures and migration opportunities, we limit their resilience and capability to cope with other natural and man-made changes (Post and Stenseth 1999; Thomas et al . 2004; Weladji and Holand 2006; Tyler et al . 2007).

Svein Disch Mathiesen

REINDEER HUSBANDRY AND BARENTS 2030 21