Outlook on climate change adaptation in the Tropical Andes mountains

Adaptation measures to address key vulnerabilities and risks The key risks and vulnerabilities from climate change were presented in Chapter 2. 28 Although it would be expected that countries use this information for designing policies for climate change adaptation, the use of scientific evidence to support and guide policymaking is generally weak because of the underdeveloped science- policy interface. This is particularly problematic at the local level of government where adaptation measures addressing the climate challenges for each community must finally be specified. Policymaking responds to pressures from non-scientific realms (e.g. lobbyists) and the insufficient participation of experts in decision-making processes (Sutcliffe and Court, 2005). Water resources policy analysis In Bolivia , water availability is an issue for many communities. It has therefore been prioritized under the Framework Law of Mother Earth and Integral Development for Living Well No. 300 29 and included in the Plurinational Policy and Plan of Climate Change for Living Well. Article 27° (Water) of this

section Environment, biological diversity and risk management of a planning document for 2021. The country has defined five priority sectors: water; agriculture; fishery; forestry; and health, based upon scientific evidence and consultations with relevant actors in each sector, subnational authorities and civil society. 27 Funding for climate change management at the national level comes chiefly from the government itself, although international donations cover a small part. In 2011, the total budget for 88 programmes was about US$ 809 million, of which 49 per cent was funded directly by the government, 34 per cent as loans from international agencies (which will also by paid by the government), and 17 per cent through official development cooperation (Pereira et al., 2014). The last decade has seen several adaptation projects in different sectors supported through international cooperation (e.g. PACC, IPACC, Glaciares 513, IMACC, TACC, EbA Montaña, PRAA, PROCLIM, AMICAF and Humboldt). These projects have aimed to strengthen institutions, implement pilot projects for adaptation and develop financial mechanisms and scientific research (Ibid).

law sets priorities for the integrated management of water resources, including 13 lines of action, although only two are specific to climate change adaptation (Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional de Bolivia, 2012). Being a framework law, it still requires lowel level and more specific legislation in order to be implemented. The 2025 Bicentennial Patriotic Agenda also has specific objectives and strategies programmes that focus on water, but neither mentions climate change or mountains specifically. Colombia ’s National Policy for Integrated Water Resource Management 2010–2022 (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2010) 30 recognizes the impacts of climate change on water management (e.g. through flood risk and water availability). The policy’s main objective is to have an integrated management of risks related to water supply. It proposes: • the generation and dissemination of information on the potential climate change risks to water resource availability (strategy 4.1); • the incorporation of water supply and availability risk management into the planning instruments (strategy 4.2); and • mitigation and adaptation measures to reduce the risks resulting from climate variability and climate change (strategy 4.3) (Ministerio de Ambiente, VyDT, 2010). The development of adaptation measures is important for water regulation for ecosystems and important economic sectors. Consequently, Colombia has developed the Project for Adaptation to the Impacts of Receding Glaciers in the Tropical Andes (PRAA). This initiative aims partly to generate data to reduce vulnerability and improve risk analysis of changing water availability. Moreover, the Colombian Government has analysed hydrological cycles and glacier retreat in the high mountains.

Colombia 2 3 1 3 3 3 Bolivia 3 4 3 3 2 2 Summary of the assessment of national policy instruments per country Funding Adaptation targets Multisectoral articulation Implementation tools Mountain adaptation Adaptation programmes 1: Existent and sufficient, 2: Existent but insufficient/planned but not implemented; 3: General mention; 4: Non-existent. Peru 3 2 2 2 4 3 Ecuador 3 2 1 2 3 2

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