Outlook on climate change adaptation in the Hindu Kush Himalaya

Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White, eds. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 709–754, 2014. Sun, X. et al. (2017). Changes in extreme temperature events over the Hindu Kush Himalaya during 1961–2015. Advances in Climate Change Research, 8(3), pp. 157–165. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1674927817300047 Tiwari, V.M., J. Wahr and S. Swenson (2009). Dwindling groundwater resources in northern India, from satellite gravity observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L18401, DOI:10.1029/2009GL039401. Tsering, K., E. Sharma, N. Chettri and A. Shrestha (2010). Climate change vulnerability of mountain ecosystems in the eastern Himalayas – Synthesis Report. ICIMOD: Nepal. UN-Habitat (2015). Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. UN-Habitat Publications. UNICEF (2017). 16 million children affected by massive flooding in South Asia, with millions more at risk. Available at https:// www.unicef.org/infobycountry/media_100719.html. Accessed on 1 August 2018. UNWTO (2016). Tourism highlights, 2016 edition. World Tourism Organization. Available at https://www.e-unwto.org/ doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284418145. Accessed on 26 July 2016. Upgupta,S.,J.Sharma,M.Jayaraman,V.Kumar,N.H.Ravindranath (2015). Climate change impact and vulnerability assessment of forests in the Indian Western Himalaya region: A case study of Himachal Pradesh, India. Climate Risk Management, 10, pp. 63–76. DOI:10.1016/j.crm.2015.08.002. Valentová, K.A. (2017). Abundance and threats to the survival of the snow leopard – a review. European Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7(1), pp. 73–93. Wang, S. and W. Cao (2014). Climate change perspectives in an Alpine area, Southwest China: a case analysis of local residents’ views. Ecological Indictors, 53, pp. 211–219. WFP (2010). Pakistan flood impact assessment, September 2010. Available at http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/ documents/ena/wfp225987.pdf?_ga=1.181902767.943835569. 1475850874 World Bank (2012). Disaster risk management in South Asia: A regional overview. The World Bank: Washington, DC. WorldBank (2013). TurnDown theHeat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience. A report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics. The World Bank: Washington, DC. World Bank, Government of Uttarakhand and Asian Development Bank (2013). Joint rapid damage and needs assessment report. Available at http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-

documents/47229-001-sd-01.pdf. Accessed on 30 July 2016. Wu, S., Y. Yin, D. Zheng and Q. Yang (2007). Climatic Trends over the Tibetan Plateau During 1971–2000. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 17(2), pp. 141–151. Wu, J., Y. Xu and X.-J. Gao (2017). Projected changes in mean and extreme climates over Hindu Kush Himalayan region by 21 CMIP5 models. Advances in Climate Change Research, 8(3), pp. 176–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.03.001. Xiang, L., H. Wang, H. Steffen, P. Wu, L. Jia, L. Jiang and Q. Shen (2016). Groundwater storage changes in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas revealed from GRACE satellite gravity data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 449, pp. 228–239. Xin, D. First train rumbles on highest railway. China Daily, 1 July 2006. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ china/2006-07/01/content_630772.htm Xu, Z.X., T.L. Gong and J.Y. Li (2008). Decadal trend of climate in the Tibetan Plateau—regional temperature and precipitation. Hydrological Processes, 22(16), pp. 3056–3065. Xu, J. and R.E. Grumbine (2014). Building ecosystem resilience for climate change adaptation in the Asian highlands. WIREs Climate Change, 5(6), pp. 709–718. You, Q., S. Kang, Y. Wu and Y. Yan (2007). Climate change over the Yarlung Zangbo river basin during 1961–2005. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 17(4), pp. 409–420. You, Q-L., G-Y. Ren, Y-Q. Zhang, Y-Y. Ren, X-B. Sun, Y-J. Zhan, A.B. Shrestha and R. Krishnan (2017). An overview of studies of observed climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. Advances in Climate Change Research, 8(3): pp. 141–147. Yu, Winston, Yi-Chen Yang, Andre Savitsky, Donald Alford, Casey Brown, James Wescoat, Dario Debowicz, and Sherman Robinson (2013). The Indus Basin of Pakistan: Impacts of Climate Risks on Water and Agriculture. Directions in development; countries and regions. World Bank: Washington, DC. Zhan, Y-J. et al. (2017). Changes in extreme precipitation events over the Hindu Kush Himalayan region during 1961–2012. Advances in Climate Change Research, 8(3), pp. 166–175. Zhang, G., T. Yao, H. Xie, W. Wang, and W. Yang (2015). An inventory of glacial lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming. Global and Planetary Change, 131, pp. 148–157. Ziegler, A.D., S.I. Cantarero, R.J. Wasson, P. Srivastava, S. Spalzin, W.T.L. Chow and J. Gillen (2016). A clear and present danger: Ladakh’s increasing vulnerability to flash floods and debris flows. Hydrological Processes, 30(22), pp. 4214–4223. Chapter 3 Ahmed, M. and S. Suphachalasai (2014). Assessing the costs of climate change and adaptation in South Asia. Mandaluyong

City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Dhungel, D. (2004). South Asian Association for Regional Co- operation (SAARC): Prospects for Development. The Pakistan Development Review, 43(4), pp. 933–941. Consideration of mountain hazards in climate change policies Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2008). Afghanistan National Development Strategy 1387–1391 (2008–2013). Available at https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/afg_e/ WTACCAFG18_CD_1.pdf The People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) (2009). Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009. Dhaka. xviii + 76pp. Available at https://www.iucn.org/downloads/bangladesh_climate_ change_strategy_and_action_plan_2009.pdf Royal Government of Bhutan; National Environment Commission (2017). Climate Change Policy of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2018 (DRAFT). Available at http://www.nec.gov.bt/nec1/index.php/ climate-change/draft-climate-change-policy/ The People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2014). CHINA: National Climate Change Plan 2014–2020. Available at https://policy. asiapacificenergy.org/node/3011 Government of India (2008). National Action Plan on Climate Change. Available at http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/home/ Pg01-52.pdf The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) (2017). Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. Nay Pyi Taw. Available at https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/ sites/default/files/MCCSAP-Feb-Version.pdf Nepal, Ministry of Environment (MoE) (2011). Climate Change Policy 2011. Available at http://www.climatenepal.org. np/main/?p=research&sp=onlinelibrary&opt=detail&id=419 Pakistan, Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) (2012). National Climate Change Policy. Islamabad. Available at http://www. gcisc.org.pk/National_Climate_Change_Policy_2012.pdf The dominant water policy and regulatory authority Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2009). Unofficial English translation of the Water Law as published in the Ministry Justice Official Gazette No. (980), 26 April 2009. Available at http://www.cawater-info.net/bk/water_law/pdf/afghan_water_ law_2009_e.pdf The People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Water Resources (1999). National Water Policy. Dhaka. Available at http:// extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/bgd146075.pdf Royal Government of Bhutan (2007). Bhutan Water Policy. National Environment Commission: Thimphu, Bhutan.

91