Outlook on climate change adaptation in the Hindu Kush Himalaya

Notes

Photo credits

1. The United Nations Committee on World Food Security defines food security as the condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic access to food, as defined above. 2. For the purposes of this Outlook, “poor people” are defined as those living below the income poverty line for each country. 3. Comprising Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand and the hill regions of Assam and West Bengal. 4. The higher average altitude of the glaciers, heavier winter snowfalls and larger number of surging glaciers and debris covered glaciers in the Karakoram region are possible explanations for this anomaly. However, no definitive reasons have yet been given (Shrestha, et al., 2015a). Bolch et al. (2012) explain that despite the scientific uncertainties, it is unlikely that dramatic changes in the Karakoram glaciers’ contribution to the total run-off will occur soon. 5. Permafrost is defined as frozen ground that remains at or below 0°C for two or more years. 6. A dzong is a type of fortress mainly found in Bhutan. 7. For the purpose of this list, climate change hazards include events or trends relevant for people, including hazards that are also indirectly caused by climate change. For example, higher temperatures is a hazard increasing the risk of ecosystem degradation. Ecosystem degradation is an indirect hazard that creates risks for communities, such as loss of pasture land. 8. Expert opinion was gathered during the Regional Policy Workshop on Adaptation Outlook for the Hindu Kush Himalaya which took place on 2-3 February 2017.

1 4 7 8 9

iStock/miroslav_1 iStock/Pavliha ICIMOD/Alex Treadway ICIMOD/Jitendra Raj Bajracharya

iStock/ultramansk iStock/mantaphoto iStock/fotoVoyager iStock/B&M Noskowski iStock/Tarzan9280 iStock/Pavel Sipachev ICIMOD/Jitendra Raj Bajracharya Oxfam India/Jan Vikas Sansthan/Flickr CC BY-NC-ND iStock/TomVersteege UN Women/Narendra Shrestha/Flickr CC BY-NC-ND

12 14 17 24 25 26 26-27

28 31 38 39 42 55 56 60 64 66 68 72 74 76 79 81 82 85 94 96

ICIMOD/Alex Treadway ICIMOD/Karen Konniff iStock/andersen_oystein iStock/UlyssePixel ICIMOD/Daniel J Miller ICIMOD/Asha Kaji Thaku

ICIMOD/Jitendra Raj Bajracharya ICIMOD/Jitendra Raj Bajracharya ICIMOD/Karma Tsering iStock/Leadinglights

iStock/Pavliha iStock/MivPiv www.mandalatravel.fi/Flickr CC BY-NC-ND iStock/yupiyan ICIMOD/Alex Treadway

iStock/leezsnow iStock/WernBkk iStock/Pavliha

86