Outlook on Climate Change Adaptation in the Western Balkan Mountains

Notes

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1. This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence. 2. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and FYR Macedonia are among the top 20 most mountainous countries on Earth, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Significant portions of the territory of the other countries in the region are mountainous. 3. On average, the regional dependency ratio is 66 per cent. For example, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro receive about 50 per cent or more of their water resources from transboundary rivers. 4. The contribution of agriculture to GDP ranges from 22 per cent in Albania to just 4.3 per cent in Croatia. The agricultural sector employs between 42 per cent of the total population in Albania and 14 per cent in Croatia (World Bank Open Data: Agriculture and Rural Development). 5. This indicator is the ratio between the total primary energy supply (TPES) and the gross domestic product (GDP) for a given calendar year. It measures the energy consumption of an economy and its overall energy efficiency. The energy intensity ratio is determined by dividing TPES by GDP. Since TPES is measured in toe (Tons of Oil Equivalent) and GDP in US$ 1,000, this ratio is measured in toe per US$ 1,000. 6. Defined as “final energy consumption” 7. Bosnia and Herzegovina borders Adriatic Sea with negligible area (21 kilometres). 8. The majority of key risks were identified during the stakeholder consultations that took place in July 2015. Other key risks have been identified from existing literature. 9. Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks (Text with EEA relevance). 10. Entered into force on 29 December 2004 11. Entered into force on 12 February 1978, revised in Barcelona, Spain, on June 10 1995 as the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean 12. Entered into force on 24 March 2011 13. Action Plan for the Implementation of the ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean 2012–2019, 2008 14. Law no. 7501 on the Land, Law no. 8053 on Transfer of Ownership of Agriculture Land without Compensation, Law no. 8337 on the Transfer of Agriculture Land, Meadows and Pastures, Law no. 8752 on the Creation and Function of Structures on Land Management and Protection and Law no.

9244 on Land Protection. 15. Albania, BiH and FYROM – completed four national reports; Republic of Croatia – two; Kosovo – none; Republic of Montenegro – one; Republic of Serbia – three 16. (Albania and Serbia – in development stage; BiH, Republic of Montenegro and FYR Macedonia – in final stage; Republic of Croatia – unknown; Kosovo – not developed). 17. Information received through the questionnaire from the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning of Kosovo 18. There is no Law on Forests in force in FBiH .The Association of Municipalities and Cities in FBIH requested the Constitution Court to decide whether the Law on Forests (Official Gazette of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, no. 20/02) is harmonized with the European Charter of Local Self-Government. The court identified serious discrepancies between the law and the charter and ordered necessary alignments in terms of respecting the rights and vital interests of local communities. Since such alignments were not realized on time, the Law on Forests was proclaimed invalid. Although various institutions have proposed several drafts of a new Law on Forests, there is as yet no political agreement on this. 19. Kosovo has developed a Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020. See http://www.ammk-rks. net/repository/docs/Strategy_and_Action_Plan_for_ Biodiversity_2011-2020.pdf 20. In 2013, Croatia changed from being a Contracting Party to an EU Member State. 21. Under the SCR 1244 resolution of the UN Security Council 22. United Nations Environment Program, “Environment and cultural diversity” http://www.unep.org/GC/GC23/ documents/GC23-INF23.pdf November 2004 23. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the entities are practically independent in implementing agricultural policies. 24. Kosovo has not ratified the CBD but has adopted a NBSAP.

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