Marine Atlas: Maximizing Benefits for Tonga

FOREWORD4
SEA OF ISLANDS: THE SOUTH PACIFIC6
A LARGE OCEAN STATE: ADMINISTRATION8
VALUING10
SUPPORTING VALUES12
STILL WATERS RUN DEEP: OCEAN DEPTH12
VOYAGE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA: GEOMORPHOLOGY14
UNDER WATER MOUNTAINS: SEAMOUNT MORPHOLOGY16
SMOKE UNDER WATER, FIRE IN THE SEA: TECTONIC ACTIVITY18
GO WITH THE FLOW: SALINITY AND SURFACE CURRENTS20
STIR IT UP: MIXED LAYER DEPTH22
PUMP IT: PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON FLUX23
SOAK UP THE SUN: PHOTOSYNTHE- TICALLY AVAILABLE RADIATION24
HABITAT VALUES26
HOME, SWEET HOME: COASTAL HABITATS26
SHAPING PACIFIC ISLANDS: CORAL REEFS28
TRAVELLERS OR HOMEBODIES: MARINE SPECIES RICHNESS30
HOW MUCH DO WE REALLY KNOW? COLD WATER CORAL HABITATS32
NATURE’S HOTSPOTS: KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS34
SPECIAL AND UNIQUE MARINE AREAS36
BEYOND THE HOTSPOTS: BIOREGIONS38
PLANNING40
USES42
FISHING IN THE DARK: OFFSHORE FISHERIES42
SMALL FISH, BIG IMPORTANCE: INSHORE FISHERIES44
FISH FROM THE FARM: AQUACULTURE46
BEYOND THE BEACH: MARINE TOURISM48
UNDER WATER WILD WEST: DEEP SEA MINING AND UNDER WATER CABLING50
THREATS52
FULL SPEED AHEAD: VESSEL TRAFFIC52
PLASTIC OCEAN: MICROPLASTICS CONCENTRATION54
THE DOSE MAKES THE POISON: PHOSPHATE AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION56
CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS58
HOTTER AND HIGHER: MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND PROJECTED SEA LEVEL RISE58
TURNING SOUR: OCEAN ACIDITY60
REEFS AT RISK: REEF RISK LEVEL62
STORMY TIMES: CYCLONES64
MANAGING66
SPACE TO RECOVER: MARINE MANAGEMENT68
ONE WORLD, ONE OCEAN: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) MARPOL CONVENTION70
TONGA’S COMMITMENT TO MARINE CONSERVATION72
A MARINE LAYER CAKE73
CONFLICTING VERSUS COMPATIBLE USES74
CONCLUSION76
REFERENCES78
APPENDIX 1. DATA PROVIDERS82
APPENDIX 2. PHOTO PROVIDERS83

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