Marine Atlas: Maximizing Benefits for Tonga

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FOREWORD	4
SEA OF ISLANDS: THE SOUTH PACIFIC	6
A LARGE OCEAN STATE: ADMINISTRATION	8
VALUING	10
SUPPORTING VALUES	12
STILL WATERS RUN DEEP: OCEAN DEPTH	12
VOYAGE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA: GEOMORPHOLOGY	14
UNDER WATER MOUNTAINS: SEAMOUNT MORPHOLOGY	16
SMOKE UNDER WATER, FIRE IN THE SEA: TECTONIC ACTIVITY	18
GO WITH THE FLOW: SALINITY AND SURFACE CURRENTS	20
STIR IT UP: MIXED LAYER DEPTH	22
PUMP IT: PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON FLUX	23
SOAK UP THE SUN: PHOTOSYNTHE- TICALLY AVAILABLE RADIATION	24
HABITAT VALUES	26
HOME, SWEET HOME: COASTAL HABITATS	26
SHAPING PACIFIC ISLANDS: CORAL REEFS	28
TRAVELLERS OR HOMEBODIES: MARINE SPECIES RICHNESS	30
HOW MUCH DO WE REALLY KNOW? COLD WATER CORAL HABITATS	32
NATURE’S HOTSPOTS: KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS	34
SPECIAL AND UNIQUE MARINE AREAS	36
BEYOND THE HOTSPOTS: BIOREGIONS	38
PLANNING	40
USES	42
FISHING IN THE DARK: OFFSHORE FISHERIES	42
SMALL FISH, BIG IMPORTANCE: INSHORE FISHERIES	44
FISH FROM THE FARM: AQUACULTURE	46
BEYOND THE BEACH: MARINE TOURISM	48
UNDER WATER WILD WEST: DEEP SEA MINING AND UNDER WATER CABLING	50
THREATS	52
FULL SPEED AHEAD: VESSEL TRAFFIC	52
PLASTIC OCEAN: MICROPLASTICS CONCENTRATION	54
THE DOSE MAKES THE POISON: PHOSPHATE AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION	56
CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS	58
HOTTER AND HIGHER: MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND PROJECTED SEA LEVEL RISE	58
TURNING SOUR: OCEAN ACIDITY	60
REEFS AT RISK: REEF RISK LEVEL	62
STORMY TIMES: CYCLONES	64
MANAGING	66
SPACE TO RECOVER: MARINE MANAGEMENT	68
ONE WORLD, ONE OCEAN: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) MARPOL CONVENTION	70
TONGA’S COMMITMENT TO MARINE CONSERVATION	72
A MARINE LAYER CAKE	73
CONFLICTING VERSUS COMPATIBLE USES	74
CONCLUSION	76
REFERENCES	78
APPENDIX 1. DATA PROVIDERS	82
APPENDIX 2. PHOTO PROVIDERS	83

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