Marine Atlas: Maximizing Benefits for Kiribati

CONFLICTING VERSUS COMPATIBLE USES

In an increasingly crowded seascape, MSP helps avoid conflict and maximize benefit between overlapping uses.

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Preparing a zoning plan is not an easy task, and is best achieved through considerable consultation, including across government departments at all levels, users, other stake- holders and the community. Zoning plans must accommodate and balance the cultur- al, economic, social and biological needs of the community. MPAs are primarily established to meet biodiversity objectives, but can also have sociocultural and economic objectives that are consistent with national, regional and local needs. To meet these different objec- tives, MPAs can contain one or more zones to provide for different levels of protection. The IUCN Protected Area Categories classify protected areas according to their manage- ment objectives. The categories are recognized by international bodies, such as the United

Nations, and by many national governments as the global standard for defining and recording protected areas, and as such are increasingly being incorporated into government legislation. However, the process of aligning standard- ized categories to individual MPAs is not an easy one and not without a degree of con- troversy. For example, protected areas that are culturally appropriate for Kiribati may not always fit neatly into any one of the seven IUCN categories. If they are to be applied effectively, therefore, any categories used by a nation must be interpreted and adapted to meet the country’s biophysical, sociocultural and economic needs. This is a very promising way to share and manage Kiribati’s rich and complex marine environment in a fair and sustainable man- ner, while maximizing benefits.

The six map close-ups on vessel traffic (see also chapter “Full speed ahead”), mining (see also chapter “Underwater Wild West”), fisheries (see also chapter “Fishing in the dark”) and management (see also chapter “Space to recover”) show snapshots of the many marine uses detailed in the previous chapters. On its own, each looks manage- able. However, zooming out and looking at the big picture of all uses, it is clear that many overlap. Some of these may be com- plementary, such as conservation and tour- ism, while other uses impact each other and may lead to conflicts, such as pollution from shipping in an important fishery, or deep-sea mining on a biologically diverse seamount. MSP (see text box) holds the key to sharing marine uses fairly, and one of the key tools used to implement MSP is a zoning plan. This is a tool that divides the ocean into zones, where each zone includes different activities that are or are not permitted. The main purpose of a zoning plan (Ehler and Douvere, 2009) is to: • separate conflicting human activities or to combine compatible human activities • protect the natural values of the marine management area while allowing reason- able human uses of the area • allocate areas for reasonable human uses while minimizing the effects of these hu- man uses on each other and nature • provide protection for biologically and ecologically important habitats, ecosys- tems and ecological processes and • preserve some areas of the marine man- aged area in their natural state, undis- turbed by humans except for scientific or educational purposes There is no need to reinvent the wheel, as zon- ing of Kiribati’s waters is not a new concept and there are already a large number of differ- How can Kiribati address these conflicts?

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little consideration of other human uses in the same area. Instead, a zoning plan that is derived through comprehensive MSP process takes into account how human uses impact each other and the environ- ment. MSP can occur at a site level (such as a bay), across an entire marine managed area, within an EEZ, or between neighbour- ing countries (transboundary). It should aim to achieve clear ecological, economic and social goals and objectives. Each marine zone should have an assigned objective that permits a range of activities to occur, provided that each activity com- plies with the relevant zone objective. All zones should contribute to the overall goals and objectives of the Marine Spatial Plan. For example, if the objective of a zone is to protect the sea-floor habitat, then activities such as trawling, mining or dredging should not be permitted, while other zones where the objective is to allow for a broad range of industrial uses may allow industrial tuna, shipping or even mining to occur.

Marine Spatial Planning Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is an intersectoral and participatory plan- ning process and tool that seeks to balance ecological, economic and so- cial objectives, aiming for sustainable marine resource use and prosperous blue economies. ent types of zones—although they may not be called zones. These include shipping lanes, IMO regulations regarding pollution at sea (see also chapter “One world, one ocean”), fisher- ies closures, and marine protected or man- aged areas, including locally managed marine areas (LMMAs) (see also chapter “Space to recover”). Each of these different zones stip- ulate different areas within which particular activities are permitted or not permitted.

In the past, however, these zones have been largely designated within single sectors, with

MAXIMIZING BENEFITS FOR KIRIBATI

MANAGING

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