Marine Atlas: Maximizing Benefits for Fiji

REFERENCES

All maps contain the following data layers:

org/10.5067/OSCAR-03D01. Falkowski, P.G., Barber, R.T., Smetacek, V. (1998). Biogeo- chemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary pro- duction. Science (Washington, D. C.), 281 (1998), p. 200. Gogina, M. & Zettler, M.L. (2010) Diversity and distri- bution of benthic macrofauna in the Baltic Sea. Data inventory and its use for species distribution modelling and prediction. Journal of Sea Research, 64, 313–321. Kessler, W.S. and Gourdeau, L., (2006). Wind‐driven zonal jets in the South Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(3). Lüning, K. (1990) Seaweeds: their environment, bioge- ography, and ecophysiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Rahmstorf, S. (2003). “The concept of the thermohaline circulation”. Nature. 421 (6924): 699. Webb, D. (2000). “Evidence for shallow zonal jets in the South Equatorial Current region of the southwest Pacific”. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 706–720. UNO-CHA. (2016). “El Niño Fiji 1997/98 and today”. Accessed at: http://www.unocha.org/country/ el-ni%C3%B1o/about-el-ni%C3%B1o/el-ni%C3%- B1o-fiji-199798-and-today. MAP Scott A. Condie and Jeff R. Dunn (2006). Seasonal characteristics of the surface mixed layer in the Aus- tralasian region: implications for primary production regimes and biogeography. Marine and Freshwater Research, 2006, 57, 1-22. TEXT Jeffrey, S.W., and Hallegraeff, G. M. (1990). “Phytoplank- ton ecology of Australian waters”. Biology of Marine Plants. pp. 310–348. Jaffrés, J. (2013). “Mixed layer depth seasonality within the Coral Sea based on Argo Data”. PLoS ONE 8(4):e60985. Stir It Up: Mixed Layer Depth MAP Lutz, M., Caldeira, K., Dunbar, R. and Behrenfeld, M. (2007). Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux to depth describe the efficiency of biological pump in the global ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (C10). TEXT Gonzalez R., Ram-Bidesi V.,Leport G., Pascal N., Brander L., Fernandes L., Salcone J., Seidl A. (2015) “National marine ecosystem service valuation: Fiji.” MACBIO (GIZ/IUCN/SPREP) Higgs, N. D.; Gates, A. R.; Jones, D. O. B.; Valentine, J. F. (2014). “Fish Food in the Deep Sea: Revisiting the Role of Large Food-Falls”. PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e96016. Lutz, M., Caldeira, K., Dunbar, R. and Behrenfeld, M. (2007). Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux to depth describe the efficiency of biological pump in the global ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112(C10) Russo, J. Z. (2004). “This Whale’s (After) Life”. NOAA’s Undersea Research Program. NOAA. Retrieved 13 November 2010. Suess, E. (1980). Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans—surface productivity and oxygen utilization. Nature 288, 260 – 263. Pump It: Particulate Organic Carbon Flux

TEXT Clark, M.R. et al., (2010). The ecology of seamounts: structure, function, and human impacts. Annual review of marine science, 2, pp.253–278. Doehring, T. (2014) USS San Francisco (SSN 711). Harris, P.T., Macmillan-Lawler, M., Rupp, J. and Baker, E.K. (2014). Geomorphology of the oceans. Marine Geology, 352: 4-24. Macmillan-Lawler, M. and Harris, P.T. (2015). Chapter 17: Multivariate Classification of Seamount orphology: As- sessing Seamount Morphotypes in Relation to Marine Jurisdictions and Bioregions. p329 – 356. In Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions, second edition. Editor: Wright, D. ESRI Press. NASA. (2015). “Undersea eruption from Hunga Ton- ga-Hunga Ha’apai in Tonga, South Pacific Ocean”. MODIS Web. Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J., Clain, A.J., et al. (1999). Bathyme- tric patterns of body size in deep-sea gastropods. Evolution 53, 1298–1301. Smithsonian Institution. (2017). “Home Reef” Global Volcanism Program. MAP Beaulieu, S.E. (2015). InterRidge Global Database of Active Submarine Hydrothermal Vent Fields: prepared for InterRidge, Version 3.3. World Wide Web electronic publication. Version 3.4. Accessed at http://vents-da- ta.interridge.org on 2017-01-13. Earthquake Hazards Program. (2017). Earthquake epi- centers 1980-2016. U.S. Geological Survey. Accessed at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/ on 14 Feb 2017. IHO-IOC GEBCO. (2017). “Gazetteer of Undersea Fea- ture Names”. Accessed at www.gebco.net. Global Volcanism Program. (2013). Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.5.3. Venzke, E (ed.). Smithsonian Institu- tion. Accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP. VOTW4-2013. TEXT Schmidt Ocean Institute. (2016). “Virtual Reality Tech- nology Reveals Underwater Vents in New Ways”. Accessed at: https://schmidtocean.org/virtual-vents/. MAPS ESR. (2009). OSCAR third degree resolution ocean surface currents. Ver. 1. PO. DAAC, CA, USA. Ac- cessed [2017-01-13] at http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/OS- CAR-03D01 on 2017-01-13. Tyberghein L., Verbruggen H., Pauly K., Troupin C., Mineur F. & De Clerck O. (2012). “Bio-ORACLE: a global environmental dataset for marine species distri- bution modeling.” Global Ecology and Biogeography. TEXT Cai, W., Borlace, S., Lengaigne, M., Van Rensch, P., Collins, M., Vecchi, G., Timmermann, A., Santoso, A., McPhaden, M. J., Wu, L., England, M. H., Wang, G., Guilyardi, E. and Jin, F. (2014). “Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warm- ing.” Nature Climate Change. Accessed at https:// www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2100.epdf. Climate Prediction Center. (2005). “Frequently Asked Questions about El Niño and La Niña”. National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Retrieved 17 July 2009. Dupouy, C., Neveux, J. and Le Bouteiller, A. (2004). Spatial and Temporal Analysis of SEAWIFS Chlorophyll in the south tropical Pacific Ocean. Gayana 68(2), 161-166. Earth Space Research. (2009). OSCAR third degree res- olution ocean surface currents. Ver. 1. PO. DAAC, CA, USA. Dataset accessed [2017-01-13] at http://dx.doi. Smoke Under Water, Fire In The Sea: Tectonic Activity Go With The Flow: Salinity and Surface Currents

Becker, J. J., Sandwell, D. T., Smith, W. H. F., Braud, J., Binder, B. J. Depner, D. Fabre, J. Factor, S. Ingalls, S-H. Kim, R. Ladner, K. Marks, S. Nelson, A. Pharaoh, Sharman, G., Trimmer, R., vonRosenburg, J., Wal- lace, G., and Weatherall, P. (2009). Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy, 32:4, 355-371. Claus S., N. De Hauwere, B. Vanhoorne, F. Souza Dias, P. Oset García, F. Hernandez, and J. Mees (Flanders Marine Institute) (2016). Accessed at http://www. marineregions.org on 2016-10-21. Smith, W. H. F., and Sandwell, D. T. (1997). Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, v. 277, p. 1957-1962.

Sources for maps and narratives containing additional data are available below:

A Large Ocean State: Administration

MAP Natural Earth. (2017). “Populated Places.” Accessed at: www.naturalearthdata.com. TEXT Mennell, Philip (1892). “Wikisource link to Thakombau”. The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co. CIA (2017) “Fiji”. The World Factbook. CIA. Accessed at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/fj.html.

VALUING

Still Waters Run Deep: Ocean Depth

MAP IHO-IOC GEBCO. (2017). “Gazetteer of Undersea Fea- ture Names”. Accessed at www.gebco.net. TEXT ISC-GEM. (2015). Global Instrumental Earthquake Cata- logue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismo- logical Centre.

Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea: Geomor- phology

MAP Harris, P.T., Macmillan-Lawler, M., Rupp, J. and Baker, E.K. (2014). Geomorphology of the oceans. Marine Geology, 352: 4-24. TEXT Rahiman, T.I.H.; Pettinga J.R. & Watts P. (2007). “The source mechanism and numerical modelling of the 1953 Suva tsunami, Fiji”. Marine Geology. 237 (1–2): 55–70. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.036. Pacific Disaster Center. (2011) “Summary of Earth- quakes and Tsunamis Affecting Fiji 1850–2004”. Tsunami Awareness Kit. Fiji Mineral Resources Department. (2011). “Earthquake in Fiji”. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. MAP Macmillan-Lawler, M. and Harris, P.T. (2016) Chapter 17: Multivariate Classification of Seamount Morphology: Assessing Seamount Morphotypes in Relation to Ma- rine Jurisdictions and Bioregions in Ocean Solutions – Earth Solutions, Editor Wright, D.J. ESRI Press. IHO-IOC GEBCO. (2017). “Gazetteer of Undersea Fea- ture Names”. Accessed at www.gebco.net. Under Water Mountains: Seamount Morphology

Soak Up The Sun: Photosynthetically Available Radiation

MAPS NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group. (2014). “Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometre (MODIS) Aqua Photosynthetically Available Radiation Data” NASA OB.DAAC.

MARINE ATLAS • MAXIMIZING BENEFITS FOR FIJI

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