Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade - Dimensions, Drivers, Impacts and Responses: A Global Scientific Rapid Response Assessment Report

7 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE APPROACHES TOADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING: UPTAKE AND LESSONS LEARNT

costs of compliance, large scale firms may be better posi- tioned to promote legality, while undermining local com- munities – including fears that informal rights might be de- termined illegal. A range of global actors and negotiators are working to address these concerns as they modify and adapt, agreements and approaches (Nathan et al., 2014). What we do know is that the extent to which these global efforts to address domestic illegal logging will end up being short lived, or trigger more durable reforms, is in part dependent on how international actors and domes- tic partners travel two or more synergistic pathways over time. And this effort requires distinguishing the process of building legal compliance along global supply chains – what Cashore and Stone (2014) refer to as the “emer- gence phase”, from the ability to have increased influence at a later time as legal compliance becomes increasingly entrenched in global markets. Certainly it seems likely that as combatting illegal logging is increasingly perceived as a factor of international market competiveness, further poli- cy responses on the national level will emerge. It seems essential to focus on reducing the costs of com- pliance through application of organizational and political capacity building among governments and the private sec- tor and to building efficient technologies capable of track- ing complex timber markets, in ways that maintain, and reward, domestic coalitions among businesses, NGOs and governmental agencies. This requires a careful dance in which legal compliance identifies important but achievable standards “on the ground” so as to not “knee cap” forest manager support. Once fully embedded to the point that shirking or free riding are not likely, Cashore and Stone theorize that legality verification efforts could be given in- creasing responsibilities since, any costs would be borne by consumers rather than individual firms. Research gaps/next steps Despite the achievements of the transnational campaign against illegal logging, a number of major challenges remain, to date, incompletely addressed. One major re- search challenge is to assess the effectiveness of various efforts aimed at ensuring that smallholders engaged in the informal economy are not excluded by legality assurance systems aimed at international markets, but are instead supported to move into legal production while enhancing recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples. Another major research gap is to assess whether, and how, trans- national policy efforts from combatting illegal logging have helped controlling agricultural conversion, whether formally legal or illegal. Such research will also carry practical lessons, especially since conversion has become the most important source of deforestation in much of the Global South. At the same time a key lesson from this review is that policymakers must be careful not to take re- search from past impacts as static, but rather extrapolate implications from them for moving forward.

129