Green Economy in a Blue World-Full Report

transportation methods (e.g. improved insulation materials, efficiency in ice-plants, etc.) can improve energy efficiency (Suuronen, et al., 2012). In aquaculture, possible innovations and developments include those in feed technology that reduce dependence on energy-expensive and possibly unsustainable fishmeal and fish oil from wild caught fisheries, increased use of species that do not require high inputs of feed, recyclingofwaste fromother industries tosupply nutrients for algal growth while promoting the use of algal feed for fish and increased use of more energy efficient equipment (e.g. efficient water pumps, LED lights, alternate sources of electricity, etc.). The development of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has the potential to drastically reduce or even neutralize the environmental impacts of aquaculture, especially those related to effluents discharge and eutrophication. The use of recirculating systems – Aquaculture Recirculation Systems (RAS) – is also an opportunity to minimize some of the environmental impact of aquaculture, including biosecurity and waste treatment. However, as recirculating systems tend to be intensive, consume more energy and result in higher labour productivity, both carbon emissions and social sustainability issues may arise. Opportunities also exist in closing the life- cycle in farmed species that depend on wild seeds. While an increasing share of production is based on hatcheries, an important part of is still derived from wild seed (FAO, 2010b; FAO, 2011c; Hall, et al. , 2011). Economic incentives play an important role in changing behaviour. When consumers start to demand products from sustainable and fair fisheries and aquaculture production, this will constitute a strong incentive for producers and other stakeholders to pay more attention to responsible practices. This development has already started and certification and eco- labelling schemes can provide a powerful market incentive for fisheries to comply with sustainability requirements. While the evidence on the correlation of labels and good management practices is still limited to some fisheries, the impact of consumer preference is becoming a driving force for improving fisheries management in many countries. In response to the increasing use of certification and eco-labelling schemes, FAO has developed Guidelines for the Eco-labelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries (FAO, 2009), along with Guidelines for Eco- 4.4 Market-based incentives and awareness raising

in a Blue World

Fuel for fish Energy intensity range for selected fish species Litres per ton, type of gear used and location

248

Mobile seine, Norway

20

Purse seine, Canada

HERRINGS

1740

Longline, Canada

SWORDFISH

Trawl, Norway

2 342

724

Trawl, Canada

SHRIMP

Trawl, Germany

2 724

230

COD

Mobile seine, Canada

Note: averages based on data collected from different vessels, between 1998 and 2000

Source: Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Fisheries Impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Catch, Effort and National/Regional Data Sets, University of British Columbia, Canada, 2001.

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