Green Carbon, Black Trade

Ten ways to conduct illegal logging

Cattle ranching and soy production

Agricultural expansion by small-scale farmers

Logging with forged or re-used permits

Logging in con ict zones

Obtaining logging permits illegally

Ignore laws and regulations

Logging in excess of permit or concession quotas

Logging without regular concession

Unprotected area

Logging concession

Bribing local o cers and police

Use of violence to access and clear cut the area

Widening road corridors, mining or other felling without a permit

Establishing, expanding and cutting beyond plantation

Logging in protected areas

Protected area

Biofuel plantation

Report and declare false gures

Source: Personal communication with Christian Nellemann, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

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