Global Outlook for Ice & Snow

ICE & SNOW GLOBAL OUTLOOK FOR Foreword 1 Highlights 2 Why are Ice and Snow Important to Us? 3 Why are Ice and Snow Changing? 4 Snow 5 Ice in the Sea 6 Ice on the Land 6A Ice Sheets 6B Glaciers and Ice Caps 6C Ice and Sea-level Change 7 Frozen Ground 8 River and Lake Ice 9 Policy and Perspectives Production and Editorial Team and Authors Steering Committee and Reviewers Acknowledgements 6 7 19 29 39 63 97 99 115 153 181 201 215 230 234 235

Area Covered (million square km)

Ice Volume (million cubic km)

Potential Sea Level Rise (cm) 6C

Components of the Cryosphere

4 5

Snowon land (NorthernHemisphere) (annualminimum~maximum) Sea ice, Arctic and Antarctic (annual minimum ~ maximum) Ice shelves Ice sheets (total)

1.9 ~ 45.2 19 ~ 27 1.5 14.0 1.7 12.3 0.51 [0.54] 22.8 (n/a)

0.0005 ~ 0.005 0.019 ~ 0.025 0.7 27.6 2.9 24.7 0.05 [0.13] 4.5 (n/a)

0.1 ~ 1 0 0 6390 730 5660 15 [37] ~7 (n/a)

6A 6A

Greenland Antarctica Glaciers and ice caps (lowest and [highest] estimates) Permafrost (Northern Hemisphere) River and lake ice

6B 7 8

Source: IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate Change (eds. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M.C. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge and New York