Global Linkages

Climate change

The melting cryosphere

PACIFIC OCEAN

OKHOTSK SEA

BERING SEA

YUKON

KOLYMA

Alaska (USA)

MACKENZIE

LENA

BEAUFORT SEA

CANADA

ARCTIC OCEAN

RUSSIA

NELSON

North Pole

YENISEY

HUDSON BAY

OB

BAFFIN BAY

Novaya Zemlya (Russia)

Greenland (Denmark)

Svalbard (Norway)

BARENTS SEA

PECHORA

NORWEGIAN SEA

SEVERNAYA DVINA

ICELAND

FINLAND

SWEDEN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Faroe Islands (Denmark)

NORWAY

Changes in glacier extent

Changes in sea ice extent

Median ice edge in autumn for the period 1981-2010 Sea ice extent in September 1981 Sea ice extent in September 2018

Main glaciers and Greenland ice sheet Retreat of glaciers Freshwater input

Retreat of sea ice Freshwater input

Discharge of main rivers at mouth

590 km 3 /y

300 km 3 /y

120 km 3 /y

Changes in snow cover

Area where seasonal snow cover was 2–3 weeks shorter in the period 2005–2015 compared to 1980–1990

Main marine transport routes during summer

15

Global Linkages