Global Environment Outlook 3 (GEO 3)

5 1

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

were in the informal sector, characterized as non- permanent, with little regulation and no social security (ECLAC and UNEP 2001). The only positive development in terms of labour force trends is the growth in female participation in the labour market. In 1980, little more than one-quarter of the labour force was female in Meso- and South America; by 1997, women made up one-third of the labour force in Meso- America and nearly two-fifths in South America. In the Caribbean, where female participation in the work force has been higher than the rest of the region, the figure reached 43 per cent in 1997 (ECLAC and UNEP 2001). The increase over the past two decades has been larger than in any other region in the world. technologies continue to spread throughout the region, with a large increase in the distribution of telephones and radios in all sub-regions over the past two decades (see table). There has also been increased usage of mobile phones and computers, with Internet usage growing at more than 30 per cent a year in Latin America (UNDP 2001). Brazil is one of the top ten users of mobile phones, with more than 23 million subscribers in 2000; mobile phones have overtaken fixed lines in a number of countries including Mexico, Paraguay and Venezuela (ITU 2001). The region, with 8.6 per cent of the world population, has 2.7 per cent of the international scientific community and produced about 2.5 per cent of the scientific publications in 1998. Brazil is considered to be the most successful country in science and technology, investing about 1 per cent of GDP for Science and technology Traditional information and communication

The spread of communications 1980–98 (numbers/1 000 people)

Telephone lines 1980 1998

Daily newspapers

Radios

1980

1998

1980

1998

Meso-America South America

23.0 35.8 52.9

86.2

54.8 48.9 37.9

54.7 46.9 23.7

181.4 305.1 361.4

298.7 457.8 520.3

120.6 227.4

Caribbean

Region

36.7

139.1

45.7

37.3

293.1

442.7

Source: World Bank 2000

scientific research and development, compared to a regional average of 0.53 per cent (Massarani 2001).

Governance Two important political developments have marked the past three decades in the region. The first is the transition from military dictatorships towards democratic governments. All countries now either have a democratically elected government or are in the course of establishing one. The democratization process has made more rapid progress in recent years due to strengthening of local governments and municipalities, reform of the judiciary system and privatization of large state-owned enterprises. The second important development relates to the participation of civil society and creation of civil society institutions such as non-governmental organizations. The increase in freedom has brought with it greater public concern for the environment and sustainable development but these issues have yet to be fully integrated into political decision-making.

References: Chapter 2, socio-economic background, Latin America and the Caribbean

UNEP (2000). GEO Latin America and the Caribbean Environment Outlook. Mexico City, United Nations Environment Programme, ROLAC UNDP (2001). Human Development Report 2001 . Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press http://www.undp.org/hdr2001/completenew.pdf [Geo-2-289] United Nations Population Division (2001). World Population Prospects 1950-2050 (The 2000 Revision) . New York, United Nations www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2000/ wpp2000h.pdf [Geo-2-204] World Bank (1999). World Development Indicators 1999 . Washington DC, World Bank World Bank (2001). World Development Indicators 2001 . Washington DC, World Bank

ITU (2002). ICT Free Statistics Home Page: Internet Indicators by Country for 1998 and 2000 . International Telecommunication Union http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics [Geo-2-293] Massarani, L. (2001). Latin America Falls Short in Science Spending . SciDev.net http://www.scidev.net/gateways/newsLA.asp?t=N&g w=LA&gwname=Latin%20America# [Geo-2-296] PAHO (1998). La Salud en las Américas . Edición de 1998, Publicacíon Científica No. 569. Washington DC, Pan American Health Organization PNUMA/OD (2001). GEO: Estadísticas Ambientales de América Latina y el Caribe. San José, Costa Rica, PNUMA y Observatorio del Desarrollo, Universidad de Costa Rica UIS (2001). Latin America and the Caribbean: Regional Report . Nîmes, Sociéte Edition Provence

ECLAC (2000). Social Panorama of Latin America 1999-2000 . Santiago, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC and UNEP (2001). The Sustainability of Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Challenges and Opportunities . Report prepared for Regional Preparatory Conference of Latin America and the Caribbean for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, 23-24 October 2001 IADB (2000). Annual Report 2000 . Washington DC, Inter-American Development Bank IEA (1999). Energy Balances of OECD countries

1960–97, Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 1971–97 . Paris, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, International Energy Agency