Global Environment Outlook 3 (GEO 3)

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STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY RETROSPECTIVE: 1972–2002

activities is generated through timber extraction charges or fines. In Romania, however, the abolition of self-imposed restrictions on wood exports in 1995, combined with increased prices for sawn timber, have led environmentalists to fear increases in illegal cutting and overexploitation (REC 2000). In addition to national actions, European countries are parties to international collaborative efforts which directly or indirectly address forest issues. Several broad international agreements covering the protection of species, such as the CBD, CITES and RAMSAR Convention, also indirectly protect forests. The European Community Council Directive 92/43/EC on the conservation of natural habitats of wild fauna and flora (the Habitats Directive) entered into force in June 1994. However, two of its requirements — incorporation in national legislation and the submission of national lists of Natura 2000 candidate sites — have not been fulfilled by all Member States. There have been three Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFEs) since 1990. The second (Helsinki 1993) agreed on a common definition of sustainable forest management (see box). The third (Lisbon 1998) put special emphasis on the socio-economic aspects of sustainable forest management. Resolutions were adopted on People, Forests and Forestry, on Pan-European Criteria (see box) and on Indicators and Operational Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management (MCPFE Liaison Unit 2000). The resolutions are now being integrated into an overall work programme (FAO 2001a).

Pan-European criteria for sustainable forest management

‘Sustainable management means the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems’ (Resolution H1, 2nd meeting, Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE)). Criteria for sustainable forest management adopted by MCPFE in 1998: maintenance and appropriate enhancement of forest resources and their contribution to global carbon cycles; maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality; maintenance and encouragement of productive functions of forests (wood and non-wood); maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems; maintenance and appropriate enhancement of protective functions in forest management (notably soil and water); and maintenance of other socio-economic functions and conditions.

Source: MCPFE Liaison Unit (2000)

framework for Pan-European Forest Certification (PEFC) provides a voluntary mechanism for forest certification and makes provision for mutual recognition of different European national systems and non-European schemes. National PEFC governing bodies have been established in 15 European countries (FAO 2001b). Another solution to the problem of deforestation is the imposition of fines and other economic instruments on illegal as well as legal cutting. In Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland revenue for forest protection and reforestation

References: Chapter 2, forests, Europe

REC (2000). Strategic Environmental Analysis of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Macedonia. Szentendre, Hungary, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe RFSCEP (2000). State of the Environment in Russian Federation in 1999 . State Report. Moscow, Russian Federation State Committee for Environmental Protection UNECE and EC (2000). Forest Condition in Europe. Results of the 1999 Crown Condition Survey. Geneva, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

MCPFE Liaison Unit (2000). MCPFE Resolutions. Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe http://www.mcpfe.org/Basic/FS-MCPFE- Resolution.html [Geo-2-398]

EEA (1995). Europe’s Environment: the Dobrís Assessment . Copenhagen, European Environment Agency EEA (1997). Air Pollution in Europe in 1997 . Copenhagen, European Environment Agency FAO (2001a). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 . FAO Forestry Paper 140. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/fra/ [Geo-2-397] FAO (2001b). State of the World’s Forests 2001 . Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization Mnatsakanian, R. (1992). Environmental Legacy of the Former Soviet Republics . Edinburgh, Centre for Human Ecology, University of Edinburgh

MoNP Russian Federation (1996). National Report on the State of the Environment in the Russian Federation in 1995 . Ministry of Nature Protection of the Russian Federation. Moscow, Center for International Projects (in Russian) OECD and World Bank (1993). Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe . Submitted to the Ministerial Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland. Washington DC, World Bank Radvadnyi, J. and Beroutchachvili, N. (1999). L’Adjarie, atout et point sensible de la Géorgie. CEMOTI No. 27, January–June 1999, 227-283