Global Environment Outlook 3 (GEO 3)

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CONTENTS

Arctic forests and climate change

118

List of boxes

Biodiversity The Living Planet Index: a global biodiversity indicator

CHAPTER 1 The tragedy of the commons

122 131

2 3 4

New species in Viet Nam Conservation in Nepal

Principles of the Stockholm Declaration

133 Financial support for biodiversity in Central and Eastern Europe 136 Wetlands and waterfowl 140 Restoration of the Florida Everglades 141 Bio-invasion 141

The birth of the United Nations Environment Programme

World Charter for Nature: general principles

10 16 18 19 21 21 22

Agenda 21

The role of developing countries in the CBD negotiations Mandate of the Commission on Sustainable Development

Principles of the Global Compact

Freshwater The costs of water-related diseases

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

153 153 155 156 158 159 161 162 165 168 168 169 170 174

UN Secretary-General’s key proposals presented to the Millennium Summit Once burned, twice shy: the 1997–98 El Niño

Vision 21: global targets for water supply and sanitation The International Network of Basin Organizations Ministerial Declaration on Water Security in the 21st Century

23 24

The costs of global warming

Rainfall variability in the Lake Chad basin

Sludge disposal in Cairo

CHAPTER 2 Socio-economic background The Human Development Index

Lake Toba–Lake Champlain Sister Lakes Exchange

Water pollution in Australia

33 35 36 46 46 48 50 57 59 60

How the Volga and the Ural were not cleaned up

Trends in global energy production and consumption

The Tegucigalpa Model: water supply

The Ecological Footprint

for peri-urban settlements The Guarani Aquifer System

The enlargement of the European Union

Availability of and access to environmental information

Health risks from groundwater pollution Water use for irrigation in West Asia

Energy consumption in Europe Inequities in social development

Energy production and consumption: West Asia

Coastal and marine areas Jellyfish in the Black Sea

The importance of subsistence foods

186 189 192

Alaskan Oil and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Addressing coastal and marine degradation Managing ballast water discharges in Australia Hazards and contingency planning for oil spills 196 Impacts of climate change on Pacific salmon and other wild fish stock 200 Chesapeake Bay 201 Coastal and marine action plans in West Asia 203 211 The background to international cooperation on climate change 216 Climate variability in Africa 218 Urban air pollution in Asia 221 The Asian brown cloud 222 Health effects of air pollution related to road traffic 224 in Austria, France and Switzerland 224 Air pollution increases mortality 227 Dealing with air pollution in Mexico City 228 Ground-level ozone in North America 230 Impact of air pollution on health in North America 231 The cement industry pollutes the atmosphere 233 Long-range transport of pollutants to polar regions 236 The significance of Arctic haze 237 Atmosphere Impacts associated with air pollution

Land Population controversy Chemicals and land use

66 67 68 68

Urban agriculture in Zimbabwe

Land and the International Year of the Mountains: importance of the mountain commons International efforts to improve land management Environmental impact of the land tenure regime

76 81

on soil conditions in Jamaica Conservation programmes

82 88

The Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection

Forests Forest goods and services

90 93 94 99

Where the forest meets the sea

Forest certification

Agricultural encroachment in Uganda and Kenya

Forest plantations: Asia and the Pacific

103 106 108 109

Pan-European criteria for sustainable forest management Forest fires in Latin America and the Caribbean

Shade-grown coffee — harnessing the market

for sustainable development Clayoquot Sound

Urban areas Facts about cities

111 117

243

Forest fragmentation in the Arctic