Gender and Waste Nexus: Experiences from Bhutan, Mongolia and Nepal

GENDER GAP – BHUTAN

Bhutan

FEMALE MALE

EDUCATION POPULATION WITH AT LEAST SOME SECONDARY EDUCATION - age 25 and above, 2012 -

AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGE - 2016 -

EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION - 2012 -

11.5% LOW SKILL JOBS 15.6%

US$ 287

US$ 222

%

%

46.2% MEDIUM SKILL JOBS 46.9%

6 %

42.3% HIGH SKILL JOBS 37.5%

US$ 10

13.7 %

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION - 2017 -

PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT - 2017 -

UNEMPLOYMENT - 2017 -

ADULT LITERACY RATE - 2017 -

49.6%

73.6%

7.1% 2.9%

2.9% 2.1%

51.3 %

EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY STATUS IN EMPLOYMENT - 2017 -

68.7 %

0.5% EMPLOYERS 0.8%

ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION

CURRENT AND PAST FEMALE SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, by age group

29.7% EMPLOYEES 56.3%

older than 65 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24

55.8% OWN-ACCOUNT WORKERS 33.8%

14% OTHERS 9.1%

0

100%

GROSSNATIONAL HAPPINESS

MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT - 2018 -

CABINET MINISTERS - 2018 -

HAPPINESS RATIO BY GENDER

7 / 47

4 / 25

39% 51%

POLITICAL

NATIONAL COUNCIL

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

1 / 10

SPEAKER

CHAIRPERSON

PRIME MINISTER

Sources: 2017 Population and Housing Census of Bhutan; Bhutan Living Standards Survey Report 2017; ILO, ILOSTAT database, https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/; Inter-Parliamentary Union, https://www.ipu.org/; Ministry of Labour and Human Resources, Labour Force Survey Report 2016; UNESCO Institute for Statistics, http://data.uis.unesco.org/ ; UNDP (2018) Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update.

MONARCH REPRESENTATION

Figure 16

According to the National Statistics Bureau (2018), women’s participation in the labour force has increased in recent years, but the rates are still considerably lower for women (52 per cent) than for men (73 per cent). In urban areas the discrepancy is smaller than in rural areas because women are more engaged in subsistence

farming. Women are employed in practically skilled, low-profile, lower-paying jobs, and on average earn 22 per cent less than men (Bhutan, Ministry of Labour and Human Resources 2016). Women spend a lot more time on family and household work than men do and have less free time and even less time to sleep. Time poverty,

64 Gender and waste nexus