Environment and Security

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Preface	4
Introduction	5
Environment and security in the Ferghana valley	5
About the Environment and Security initiative	6
Understanding links between environment and security	8
Regional context	11
Political and security factors	11
Economic factors	12
Ferghana / Osh / Khujand: Issues and problem spots	14
Population of the Ferghana valley	16
Natural resources: land and biodiversity	18
A vital natural resource: water	21
Industrial activities and hazardous waste	29
Cross-cutting issues	34
Conclusions and outlook	38
The Ferghana valley environment and prospects for conflict	38
The road ahead for ENVSEC	41
Notes	45
References and sources	48
List of abbreviations	53